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BDS2 BAMS Oral Biology > Oral function 2: senses > Flashcards

Oral function 2: senses Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the 3 main branches of the trigeminal nerve

A

ophthalmic branch
maxillary branch
mandibular branch

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2
Q

what are the lower molars innervated by

A

the mandibular branch of trigeminal nerve

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3
Q

what is cranial nerve 1

A

olfactory

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4
Q

what is cranial nerve 2

A

optic

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5
Q

what is cranial nerve 3

A

oculomotor

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6
Q

what is cranial nerve 4

A

trochlear

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7
Q

what is cranial nerve 5

A

trigeminal

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8
Q

what is cranial nerve 6

A

abducens

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9
Q

what is cranial nerve 7

A

facial nerve

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10
Q

what is cranial nerve 8

A

vestibulocochlear

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11
Q

what is cranial nerve 9

A

glossopharyngeal

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12
Q

what is cranial nerve 10

A

vagus

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13
Q

what is cranial nerve 11

A

spinal accessory

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14
Q

what is cranial nerve 12

A

hypoglossal

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15
Q

what division does the inferior alveolar nerve come from

A

mandibular branch of CN V

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16
Q

what does the inferior alveolar nerve give off anteriorly

A

the mental nerve

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17
Q

what does the mental nerve exit the mandible from

A

metal foramen

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18
Q

what does the mental nerve supply

A

chin and lower lip

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19
Q

what can often be accidentally anesthetized as well as the inferior alveolar nerve

A

lingual nerve

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20
Q

where does the inferior alveolar nerve supply to

A

lower central

does not cross the middle

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21
Q

where do we want to inject

A

not hitting the nerve

want to deposit next to the nerve on the bone

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22
Q

if patients feels that their lip has been hit what is most likely done

A

you have hit the nerve

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23
Q

what does hitting the inferior alveolar nerve do

A

the numbness may remain due to a temporary damage of the ID nerve

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24
Q

what is paraesthesia

A

an abnormal sensation typically tingling or picking (pins and needles)

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25
Q

why is paraesthesia a good sign if the ID nerve has been hit

A

the nerve has not been completely anesthetized

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26
Q

what is dysaesthesia

A

an abnormal unpleasant sensation felt when touched, caused by damage to the peripheral nerves

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27
Q

why should parents be warned when it comes to LA

A

lip cannot be felt
child may bite lip
can cause ulceration

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28
Q

why is the damage done to the ID nerve temporary

A

you have traumatized the nerve
so there is swelling pressing on the nerve
there is no complete dissection of the nerve so no permanent damage

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29
Q

what nerve is involved in the afferent (sensorial response) of the gag reflex

A

glossopharyngeal nerve

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30
Q

what nerves are involved in the motor response of the gag reflex

A 
trigeminal
glossopharyngeal
vagus
accessory
hypoglossal
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31
Q

what is stimulated in the gag reflex as well as the cranial nerves in the motor response

A

the motor (secretory) visceral nerves of the salivary glands are also stimulated

32
Q

what are afferent (sensory neurons)

A

carry a message to the CNS

they are going towards the brain or spinal cord

33
Q

what are efferent (motor neurons)

A

they carry a message to a muscle, gland or other effect. they carry the message away from the CNS

34
Q

what are interneurons (connecting neurons)

A

these neurons connect one neuron with another

in many reflexes interneurons connect the sensory neurons with the motor neurons

35
Q

how do we manage patients who gag

A

make sure mixture is not too runny
keep patients chin down and come from the back of the patient for upper
ask patients to breathe from their nose
if patient gags - distraction techniques

36
Q

what is the posterior part of an RPD constructed with

A

a retaining mesh to facilitate the attachment of acrylic extension
in addition, this approach will reduce the weight of a large metal connector

37
Q

when is the retaining mesh design indicated

A

when the post dam cannot be tolerated by the patient (gagging reflex) allowing it to be adjusted more easily

38
Q

what do magnets on RPD do

A

stop it from going further back

39
Q

what is bells palsy

A

motor disorder

40
Q

what are symptoms of bells palsy

A

inability to wrinkle brow
drooping eyelid; inability to close eye
inability to puff cheeks; no muscle tone
drooping mouth; food stuck in cheek

41
Q

what nerve is affected in bells palsy

A

facial

42
Q

what does facial muscle supply

A

orbicularis oris

buccinator

43
Q

what do the orbicularis oris and the buccinator do

A

help to control food bolus and prevent spillage

44
Q

what is bells palsy defined as

A

any type of facial paralysis that does not have any other associated causes such as tumors, trauma and salivary gland inflammation

45
Q

what are causes of bells palsy

A

infections (HSV/Cold sores)
otitis media (inflammation of the middle ear)
diabetes
trauma
toxins
temporary by infiltration of LA to the facial nerve branches during dental treatment

46
Q

how can you infiltrate LA to facial nerve

A

occurs when the infection is given too far distally and the parotid gland is penetrated allowing the diffusion of the LA through loose glandular tissue, which then affects all 5 terminal branches of the facial nerve

47
Q

what is the effect of facial nerve paralysis (ID block)

A

effect is seen in inability to close the eye or blink, and inability to raise the corner of mouth or puff the cheeks
patients may feel that something is wrong but be unable to identify exactly what the problem is, and it is usually the operator who notices these specific changes

48
Q

what should be advised to patients who have had facial nerve paralysis

A

patients should be informed, reassured as to the transitory nature of the palsy, and the eye should be protected with a loose pad such that the cornea is protected until the protective blink reflex returns
recovery often occurs in a relatively short time (within an hour)

49
Q

what is trismus

A

irritation of muscle fibres

50
Q

what is kept if the roots and their PDL remain

A

periodontal mechanoreceptors allow finer discrimination of food texture, tooth contacts, and levels of functional loading

51
Q

what does decrowning and retaining the root allow

A

a better appreciation of food and a more precise control of mandibular movement than is provided by full dentures

52
Q

what is the psychological benefit of decrowning the tooth and retaining the PDL

A

preventing the feeling of total loss of natural teeth

makes eventual transition to conventional complete dentures more acceptable

53
Q

what are these dentures called (that sit on PDL)

A

over dentures

54
Q

what are used to help in the support of the denture which sits on the PDL

A

precision attachments

55
Q

what does the loss of periodontal mechanorecpetion influence

A

control of jaw function
precision of magnitude
direction
rate of occlusal load application

56
Q

what is the threshold of mechanorecpetors

A

low - 0.5mN

57
Q

what do mechanoreceptors do if there is constant stimulus

A

adapt

58
Q

what is the definition of a mechanoreceptor

A

sensory receptor that responds to mechanical pressure or distortion

59
Q

are periodontal mechanoreceptors sensitive

A

very

60
Q

what do periodontal mechanoreceptors allow

A

enable us to assess the direction of the forces applied to teeth

61
Q

what do periodontal mechanoreceptors contribute to

A

mastication (food consistency)
salivation
interdental discrimination

62
Q

what does interdental discrimination allow

A 
ability to gauge extent of mouth opening
coordination of masticatory movements
monitoring size of food particles 
detection of high spots
foil threshold 8-60 micrometers
63
Q

what are the receptors that contribute to the interdental size discrimination

A

TM joint receptors
muscle receptors
PDL receptors

64
Q

what is shim stock

A

a metal foil for occlusal testing

65
Q

what is proprioception

A

self sense

awareness of position and orientation of body part

66
Q

what is proprioception serve by

A 
joint recpetors
muscle receptors (muscle spindles and golgi tendon organs) 
periodontal receptors
67
Q

what may joint receptors signal

A

joint position
joint movement
information useful in controlling jaw movements

68
Q

what does the loss of periodontal mechanorception result in in complete dentures

A

they do not carry enough information to restore the necessary natural feedback pathways for motor function

69
Q

what are causes of dysphagia

A 
stroke
brain injury
MS
GORD
tumors
70
Q

how do we assess for stroke

A

comparing sensorial and motor responses from both sides of face and oropharynx can easily detect stroke
stroke is unilateral

71
Q

what are nociceptors

A

respond to intense noxious stimuli
usually associated with pain
nociceptors in the dental pulp are the most important ones for dentists

72
Q

where else do we find nociceptors

A

muscle
joints
mucosa

73
Q

Which tissues are sensitive

A

oro-facial tissues are very sensitive
receptors have low thresholds for activation
not all regions are equally sensitive

74
Q

how can we tell the shape and taste of food

A

smell and taste
using memory
using two point discrimination between tongue and hard palate we can compress it to identify two different surfaces

75
Q

what does the sense of smell stimulate

A

salivary glands
as a result, smelling disorders often affect the sense of taste
in cases of infection of nasopharynx, a loss of olfactory sense (anosmia) might be associated
patients have difficulty to discern between taste and olfaction, thus interchanging the terms

BDS2 BAMS Oral Biology (10 decks)

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