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PRVT PILOT Check Ride > Oral Exam Guide > Flashcards

Oral Exam Guide Flashcards

1
Q

What kind of helicopter can you fly with a Prvt Pilot rating?

A

Any helicopter up to 12,500 lbs, except the R-22 and R-44 unless SFAR 73 is followed.

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2
Q

Can you fly a twin powered turbine powered helicopter?

A

Yes

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3
Q

What types of charts are available for use in helicopter VFR navigation?

A

WAC- World Aeronautical Charts
Sectionals
Terminals
Helicopter Route Charts

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4
Q

How low can a helicopter pilot fly?

A

Helicopters may be operated a less than the minimum prescribed in paragraph (b) or (c) of this section if the operation is conducted without hazard to the persons or property on the surface. Shall also comply with any routes or altitudes specifically prescribed for helicopters by the FAA.

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5
Q

When flying into an airport environment, what rules apply to helicopters?

A

Each pilot of a helicopter must avoid the flow of fixed-wing aircraft.

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6
Q

What are the VFR weather minimums for Class G airspace below 1,200 feet AGL?

A

A helicopter may be operated clear of clouds if operated at a speed that allows the pilot adequate opportunity to see any air traffic or obstructions in time to avoid a collision.

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7
Q

What is required for a helicopter pilot to request a “Special VFR” at a controlled airport?

A

You need ATC clearance & to remain “clear of clouds”

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8
Q

What are the fuel requirements for helicopters under VFR flight rules?

A

No person may begin a flight in a rotorcraft under VFR conditions unless (considering wind and forecasted weather) there is enough fuel to fly to the first point intended landing and assuming normal cruising speed, to fly after that for at least 20 minutes.

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9
Q

What is the center of pressure?

A

An imaginary point on the chord line where the resultants of all aerodynamic forces are considered to be concentrated.

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10
Q

What do the blades do to compensate for asymmetrical lift?

A

Flap, feather, lead and lag.

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11
Q

What is the axis of rotation?

A

An imaginary line about which the rotor rotates.

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12
Q

What is the rotor tip path?

A

It’s the imaginary circular plane outlined by the rotor blade tips as they make a cycle of rotation.

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13
Q

What is the blade pitch angle?

A

Angle between the blade’s chord line and the reference plane containing the rotor hub.

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14
Q

What does the collective pitch do?

A

Changes each rotor blade an equal amount of pitch no matter where it is located in the plane of rotation.

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15
Q

What does the cyclic do?

A

Changes the pitch of each blade as a function of where it is in the plane of rotation.

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16
Q

What is Newton’s Third Law?

A

For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.

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17
Q

Why does the helicopter drift in the same direction as the anti-torque rotor thrust?

A

Because of translating tendency.

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18
Q

What is translating tendency?

A

The tendency of the helicopter to drift in the same direction as the Anti-torque rotor…design features are incorporated in the helicopter counteract this tendency. One is tilting the rotor mast opposite the drift, another is a “bias” in the cyclic control mechanism.

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19
Q

What is pendular action?

A

When a helicopter oscillates either longitudinally or laterally in the same way as a pendulum. This can be exaggerated by over controlling.

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20
Q

What is coning?

A

The result of lift and centrifugal force that causes the blades assume a conical path instead of remaining in the plane perpendicular to the mast.

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21
Q

What is the Coriolis Effect?

A

When a rotor blades flaps upward, the center of mass of that blade moves closer to the axis of rotation and blade acceleration takes place in order to conserve angular momentum.

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22
Q

What is ground effect?

A

Ground effect usually occurs less than one rotor diameter above the surface. As the induced airflow through the rotor disc is reduced by the surface friction, the lift vector increases. This allows a lower rotor blade angle for the same amount of lift, which reduces induced drag.

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23
Q

What is blade flapping?

A

Blade flapping is the ability of the rotor blade to move up, or down, in a vertical direction. Lift acting upward and parallel to the mast, causes the blades to flap upwards. Blades may flap independently or in unison to help compensate for dissymmetry of lift.

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24
Q

What is dissymmetry of lift?

A

The relative wind encountered by the advancing blade is increased by the forward speed of the helicopter, while the relative wind speed on the retreating blade is reduced by the helicopters forward airspeed. Because of this difference in relative airspeed, the advancing blade side of the rotor disc produces more lift than the retreating blade side.

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25
What is low RPM blade stall?
When the pilot allows the engine RPM to get too to effectively maintain the rotor RPMs which causes the blades to stall (by adding collective with low engine RPMs). This results in a likely fatal crash due to "Blow-back" or falling at an extreme rate.
26
What is effective translational lift (ETL)?
The additional lift obtained when entering forward flight, due to the increased efficiency of the rotor system. As the helicopter accelerates, the helicopter moves out of its vortices and is in relatively undisturbed air. Airflow also becomes more horizontal which reduces induced flow and drag with a corresponding increase in angle of attack and lift.
27
What is transverse flow effect?
As the helicopter accelerates in forward flight, induced flow drops to near zero at the forward disc area and increases at the aft disc area. This increases the angle of attack at the the front disc area causing the rotor blade to flap, and reduces angle of attack at the aft disc area causing the rotor blade to flap down. The result is tendency for the helicopter to roll slightly to the right as it accelerates through approximately 20-kts or if the headwind is approximately 20-kts.
28
Explain gyroscopic precession?
The spinning main rotor of a helicopter acts like a gyroscope. As such, it has properties of gyroscopic action, one of which is procession. Procession happens when you apply a force to one side of a spinning disk-that force gets transferred 90 degrees ahead of where it was applied, in the same direction of rotation.
29
What is the "Arm" in regards to W&B?
The horizontal distance from the datum to any component of the helicopter or to any object located within the helicopter.
30
Define Basic Empty Weight.
It's the starting point for weight computations, which is the weight of the standard helicopter plus optional equipment, unusable fuel, and full operating fluids (including engine oil)
31
Define Maximum Gross Weight?
This is the maximum weight of the helicopter. Most have both an internal MGW and an external MGW (which refers to internal and external loads).
32
What performance characteristics will be adversely affected when a helicopter is overloaded?
``` Longer take run. Reduced rate and angle of climb. Reduced service ceiling. Reduced cruising speed. Shortened cruising range. Decreased maneuverability. Longer landing run (higher landing speed) Excessive loads on the structure (especially landing skids) ```
33
If the helicopter is over weight when could structural deformation occur?
Excessive load factors Strong wind gusts. Turbulence.
34
What characteristics will be adversely affected when a helicopter is underloaded?
Primarily it could affect flight in autorotations as the lack of weight may cause the rotor RPMs to not reach a desirable RPM during the procedure. Forward ballast should be used to compensate for this during single pilot operations.
35
What effect does a forward CG have on the helicopter flight characteristics?
There may not be enough cyclic authority to allow the helicopter to flare for a landing and it will consequently require an excessive landing distance.
36
What effect does a rearward CG have on helicopter flight characteristics?
There may not be enough cyclic power to prevent the tail boom from striking the ground. If gusty winds should cause the helicopter to pitch up during high-speed flight, there might not be enough forward cyclic control to lower the nose.
37
What is a retreating blade stall?
To generate the same amount of lift across the rotor disc, the advancing blade flaps up while the retreating blade flaps down. This cause the angle of attack to decrease on the advancing blade (reducing lift) and increase on the retreating blade (increasing lift). As the forward airspeed increases, at some point the low blade speed on the retreating blade, together with it's high angle of attack causes it too stall.
38
How does retreating blade stall affect the helicopter performance?
It's the major limiting factor in top speed (Vne).
39
What conditions are conducive to retreating blade stall?
``` at high forward air-seeds, the following are all conducive to RBS: High Weight Low rotor RPM High Density Altitude Turbulence Steep, abrupt turns ```
40
What is the height/velocity diagram?
H/V diagram is published by the manufacturer of each helicopter model and it depicts the critical combinations of airspeed and altitude should an engine failure occur.
41
Why is an H/V diagram important?
Because is depicts the height/speed combinations in which you should operate the helicopter within to ensure a favorable outcome should an engine loss occur.
42
Why is there a lower shaded area of a H/V diagram?
Because you might be going too fast to safely recognize and autorotate should an engine failure occur.
43
What factors affect the performance of an aircraft during take-offs and landings?
Air Density (Density Altitude) Surface Winds Weight Surface conditions (pavement, water, grass, snow etc.) ***WASS**
44
How does air density affect the helicopter performance?
Efficiency of the rotor blades (as an airfoil) Power output of the engine Drag produced by increased AOA Reduced amount of lift from rotor blades. Reduced tail rotor efficiency.
45
What effect does wind have on aircraft performance?
Taking off into the wind, the helicopter will reach ETL sooner. Taking off downwind will take longer to reach ETL...resulting in a longer ground run.
46
What is MCP?
Maximum Continuous Power.
47
What are some considerations for a crosswind takeoff?
Helicopter should be flown in a slip during the early stage of takeoff.
48
What is the surface wind and gust spread limit on pilots with less than 200 hours?
25 kts including gusts.
49
What is the normal takeoff speed?
55 kts
50
What is the normal cruise speed?
85 kias
51
What is the best rate of climb speed?
41 KIAS
52
What is the Vne speed?
94 KIAS
53
What is the recommended hovering altitude?
2ft Skid height.
54
What is the green arc for rotor RPM?
390 -504
55
What is the cylinder head temperature limits?
500 degrees F.
56
What is the engine make an model of the CBi300?
Lycoming HIO-360-GIA fuel injected.
57
How much horsepower does the CBi300 generate?
180 HP
58
How many usable gallons of fuel can the CBi300 carry?
32.5
59
What kind of fuel can you use in the CBi300?
100LL
60
What is the minimum amount of oil needed for the CBi300?
6 quarts
61
What is the maximum oil temperature and pressure?
245 degrees F. | 115 PSIG
62
What is the kind of landing gear on the CBi300?
Oleo Skid.
63
How many people can you carry?
1 pilot and 1 passenger.
64
What are the four main controls?
Collective pitch Throttle control Cyclic Anti-torque pedals
65
What does the collective pitch do?
Changes the pitch angle of all main rotor blades simultaneously or "collectively".
66
What does the Throttle Control do?
The throttle regulates engine RPM...twisting outward increases RPM and inwards decreases.
67
What does the Cyclic do?
Tilts the main rotor disc by changing the pitch angle of the rotor blades in their cycle of rotation.
68
What do the anti-torque pedals do?
They control the pitch of the tail rotor blades and therefore the thrust of the blades.
69
How are the various flight controls operated?
These are controlled through a series of mechanical linkages, usually push-pull tubes and bell cranks either with or without hydraulic assist. Some tail rotor pitch change links are operated through a cable system, but in most helicopters, they are a series of push pull tubes and linked by bell cranks.
70
What does the correlator do?
A correlator is a mechanical connection between the collective lever and the engine throttle. When the collective lever is raised, the power is automatically increased and when lowered, power is decreased. This system maintains RPM close to the desired value, but still requires adjustment of the throttle for fine-tuning.
71
What type of engine is on the CBi300?
A four-cylinder, horizontally opposed, air-cooled, fuel injected, reciprocal engine.
72
What are the characteristics of the fully articulated rotor system?
A fully articulated rotor system usually consist of three or more rotor blades. The blades are allowed to flap, feather, lead and lag independently of each other. Each rotor blade is attached to the rotor hub by a horizontal hinge called a flapping hinge which permits the blades to flap up and down. Each blade can move up and down independently of the others.
73
What type of landing gear do helicopter have?
Skid Floats Skis Wheels The CBi300 has the Oleo Skid type.
74
How can you check for water, sediment, and fuel type/grade in the tanks?
A drain is available at the strainer.
75
How often should you check for water, sediment and fuel type/grade in the tanks?
Before you flight as prescribed by the preflight inspections.
76
Describe the electrical system on your helicopter?
24 Volt
77
What is the function of the alternator?
It converts mechanical energy into electrical energy by electromagnetic induction, it's used to create electricity to power electronics on this helicopter.
78
How do the magnetos work?
A magento uses a permanent magnet to generate an electrical current completely independent of the helicopter's electrical system. The magneto generates sufficiently high voltage to jump a spark across the spark plug gap in each cylinder. The system begins to fire when you engage the starter and the crankshaft begins to turn. It continues to operate whenever the crankshaft is rotating.
79
How can you tell if a magneto is functioning?
If you notice a drop of 125 RPMs within a five second check of each magneto during run up of preflight.
80
How many tachometers does the CBi300 have?
Two, one for the rotor RPM and one for the engine RPM.
81
What are the required instruments for VFR flight?
CAMAL'S FOOT ``` Compass Altimeter Manifold Pressure Airspeed Indicator Landing Gear Pos Indicator Safety belts Fuel Gauge Oil Temperature Oil Pressure Tachometer (engine) ```
82
What are the required instruments for night VFR?
FLAAP- ``` Fuses - Spare Landing lights Anti-collision lights (red or white) Alternator Position lights ```
83
Is an emergency locator transmitter (ELT) required on helicopters?
No...the language specifically states "airplane" in 91.207.
84
Describe how to recover from a power failure below 8 feet AGL?
Apply right pedal as required to prevent yawning. Allow aircraft to settle. Raise collective just before touchdown to cushion landing.
85
Describe how do you recover from a power failure at altitude?
Lower collective immediately. Establish a steady glide at ~60 kts Adjust collective to keep RPM in the green arc or lower as needed. Select a landing spot and if conditions allow maneuver to land into the wind. Restart attempt at the pilot's discretion. At about 40 feet AGL, begin a cyclic flare to reduce rate of descent and forward speed. At about 8 ft AGL, apply forward cyclic to level the ship and raise collective. Just before touchdown, raise collective to cushion landing. Touchdown in a level attitude with nose straight ahead.
86
What procedure should be followed if an engine fire develops in flight?
Enter Autorotation Master Battery switch off Cabin heat off Cabin vent On If engine is running, perform normal landing and immediately shut fuel valve If engine fails, immediately shut fuel valve and perform autorotation landing.
87
What action should be taken if the main rotor temperature/main rotor chip or tail light illuminates?
If the light is accompanied by any indication of a problem such as noise, vibration, or temperature rise, land immediately. If there is no other indication of a problem, land as soon as practical.
88
What action should be taken if the clutch light illuminates in flight?
Be prepared for autorotation | Land as soon as possible.
89
What is vortex ring state?
Aerodynamic condition where a helicopter may be in a vertical descent with up to maximum power applied, and little or no cyclic authority. The term "settling with power" comes from the fact that helicopter keeps settling even though full engine power is applied.
90
How is vortex ring state identified?
A fully developed vortex ring state is characterized by an unstable condition where the helicopter experiences uncommanded pitch and roll oscillations, has little or no cyclic authority, and achieves a descent rate which if allowed to develop, may approach 6,000 ft per minute. Increased levels of vibration accompany it.
91
During what maneuvers could the helicopter encounter a vortex ring state?
A vortex ring state may be encountered during any maneuver that places the main rotor in a condition of high up flow and low forward airspeed. This condition is sometimes seen during quick-stops type maneuvers or during recoveries from autorotations.
92
What is required for the development of vortex ring state?
A vertical or nearly vertical descent of at least 300 ft/minute Rotor system must be using between 20-100% of the available engine power. Horizontal velocity must be slower than ETL. 30/300
93
What is the recovery procedure for Vortex ring state?
Increase forward speed. | Lower collective pitch.
94
What conditions are conducive to low RPM?
Under certain conditions of high weight, high temperature, or high density altitude, you might get into a situation where the RPM is low even though you are using maximum throttle.
95
What causes low RPM blade stall?
Low RPM stall is usually the result of the main rotor blades having an angle of attack that has created so much drag the engine power is not sufficient to maintain or attain normal operating RPM.
96
How do you recover from low RPM?
Immediately and simultaneously roll throttle on and lower collective...if in forward flight, apply aft cyclic.
97
What is loss of tail rotor effectiveness? (LTE)
It is the result of the tail rotor not providing adequate thrust to maintain directional control, and is usually caused by either certain wind direction while hovering, or by insufficient tail rotor thrust for a given power setting at higher altitudes.
98
What should you do if you have a loss of tail rotor thrust during forward flight?
LTE is usually indicated by a nose right yaw, which cannot be corrected by applying left pedal. Immediately enter autorotation. Maintain 70 KIAS airspeed if practical. Select a landing site
99
What should you do if you have a loss of tail rotor thrust during a hover?
Immediately roll throttle off Allow aircraft to settle. Raise collective just before touchdown to cushion landing.
100
What is dynamic rollover?
It's the tendency of a helicopter to continue rolling when the critical angle is exceeded. Dynamic rollover begins when the helicopter starts to pivot around it's skid or wheel.
101
When does dynamic rollover occur?
You must have a pivot point, rolling motion, and thrust. It can occur for a variety of reasons, including the failure to remove a tie-down or skid securing device, or if the skid or wheel contacts a fixed object while hovering sideways or if the gear is stuck in ice, soft asphalt or mud. Dynamic rollover may also occur if you do not use proper landing or takeoff technique or while performing slope operations.
102
What actions should be taken by the pilot in dynamic rollover situations?
Quickly lowering the collective is the most effective way to stop dynamic rollover from developing.
103
What is the critical angle in a dynamic rollover situation?
An angle of bank in a dynamic rollover, beyond which it is impossible to stop further roll, the helicopter will continue to roll onto its side.
104
What is ground resonance?
This is when the rotor blades move out of phase with each other and cause the rotor disc to become unbalanced. It can cause a helicopter to self destruct in a matter of seconds...the helicopter must be in contact with the ground. It's usually caused hard contact of the ground.
105
How do you correct Ground Resonance?
If you have sufficient RPMs, you should lift the helicopter off the ground and let the rotor blades automatically rebalance themselves. If not, you should close the throttle and lower collective fully.
106
Does ground resonance occur in semi-rigid or rigid rotor systems?
The situation does not occur in rigid or semi-rigid rotor systems, because there is no drag hinge.
107
What is the emergency radio frequency?
121.5
108
What does the Part 43 section of FAR/AIM cover?
Maintenance, Preventive Maintenance and rebuilding & Alteration.
109
What does the Part 61 section of FAR/AIM cover?
Certification: Pilots, Flight Instructors, and Ground Instructors.
110
What does sections Part 71 of the FAR/AIM cover?
Designation of Class A-D & E airspace areas and Air Traffic Service Routes and Repointing points
111
What does section Part 91 of the FAR/AIM cover?
General Operating Rules

PRVT PILOT Check Ride (11 decks)

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