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Anatomy & Physiology > Oral Environment > Flashcards

Oral Environment Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 constituents of Oral fluids?

A

Saliva via major and minor salivary gland
Gingival crevicular fluid
Oral bacteria
Food debris
Epithelial cells

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2
Q

What are the 2 main functions of oral fluids?

A

Protective & Digestive

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3
Q

How oral fluids have a protection function?

A

Cleansing
Mucosal protection
Buffering
Remineralisation
Antimicrobial

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4
Q

In relation to oral fluids, what may cause various oral health problems

A

A reduction in flow/secretion = reduction in defence role
Can occur in various ways

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5
Q

What is the purpose of these minor salivary glands?

A
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6
Q

Name the 3 major salivary glands and the type of secretions produced?

A

Parotid - Serous

Submandibular - Mixed

Sublingual - Mucous

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7
Q

Name the 4 areas where minor salivary glands are found and the types of secretions produced?

A

Buccal - Mucous

Labial - Mucous

Lingual - Serous or Mucous (No combination secretions)

Palatal - Mucous

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8
Q

What is gingival crevicular fluid?

A

Fluid from epithelium lining within gingival sulcus
Known to increase in flow upon inflammation

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9
Q

What are the average salivary flow rates when sleeping, resting and eating?

A

0.03 → 0.3 → 3.0 (10 fold increase each time)

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10
Q

What is the estimated total daily salivary flow in ml?

A

500-700ml

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11
Q

What is the % contribution of each major salivary gland and minor salivary gland in regards to salivary flow upon sleep, rest and stimulation?

A

(Sleep/rest/Stimulation)

Parotid - (0/20/50)

Submandibular - (70/72/40)

Sublingual - (15/4/2)

Minor glands - (15/4/8)

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12
Q

What are the inorganic and organic components of saliva?

A

Inorganic - water (99.5%) & Ions (0.2%)

Organic - mainly proteins (0.3%) & little carbohydrate or lipid

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13
Q

What are the 3 core functions of saliva?

A

Food - Digestion, Taste, Bolus formation

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14
Q

What ions are present in saliva, detail their functions?

A

Fluoride - Antibacterial, Forms fluorapatite, promotes remineralisation

Calcium & Phosphate - (re)mineralisation

Thiocyanate (SCN) - Antibacterial

Bicarbonate, phosphates - Buffering

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15
Q

How salivary composition varies with flow rate?

A

Composition from different glands varies
Composition from a gland varies with flow rate
Note greater bicarbonate ion concentration at higher flow rates
Important for buffering plaque acid

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16
Q

Mention factors that affect unstimulated salivary flow rat

A

State of hydration
Previous stimulation
Circadian rhythms
Circannual rhythms
Medications
Salivary gland diseas

17
Q

What are the 6 categories for salivary constituents?

A

Antimicrobial
Digestive
(Re)mineralising
Lubrication
Buffering
Special

18
Q

Provide 6 examples of antimicrobial salivary constituents (Detail associated functions)?

A

Lysozyme - Causing lysis via bond breakage in bacterial cell walls

Cystatins - Inhibit cysteine proteases - antimicrobial function

Immunoglobins - Secretory IgA confers specific immunity - e.g. S.mutans

Lactoferrin - Iron-binding protein (Fe3+)

Lactoperoxidase - Allow oxidation of SCN- → OSCN- (hypothiocyanate) has antibacterial action

Plasma-derived substances

19
Q

The result of reduced salivary flow

A

Increased incidence of dental caries
Caries present on buccal and labial surfaces

20
Q

Provide 2 examples of digestive salivary constituents (Detail associated functions)?

A

Amylase → Hydrolyses 1-4A glycosidic links in stratch

Lipase → Hydrolyses triglycerides, derived from von ebner glands on tongue

21
Q

Provide 2 examples of (re)mineralising salivary constituents (Detail associated functions)?

A

Proline-rich proteins → Inhibits growth of Ca3PO4 crystals (Anticalculus)

Statherins → Prevents Ca3PO4 precipitation (Anticalculus), therefore allows supersaturation in saliva

22
Q

Provide 1 example of lubricating salivary constituents (Detail associated functions)?

A

Mucins → Protective lubricating role affecting bacterial adhesion, promoting bacterial aggregation and ease of clearance

23
Q

Provide 1 example of special salivary constituents (Detail associated functions)?

A

Gustin → (Carbonic anhydrase VI) Zinc-containing protein, Facilitate taste function by activating taste buds

24
Q

Provide 1 example of buffering salivary constituents?

A

Histatins

25
Q

Name 2 unconditional salivary stimuli?

A

Mechanical → pressure on PDL/oral mucosa

Chemical → Gustation, olfaction, common chemical sense

26
Q

Provide examples of conditioned salivary stimuli?

A

Psychic - thinking about food
Visual stimuli
Auditory - reference to Pavlov dogs experiments

27
Q

Describe the 2-stage mechanism of saliva secretion

A

Primary secretion (Acinus):
ACH driving chloride movement onto SG lumen
Resulting in co-transport of Na+ and H20
Bicarbonate secretion also occurs

Secondary secretion (Striated duct):
Cl- and Na+ recovered
K+ & HCO3- secreted
Modified saliva is now hypotonic

Anatomy & Physiology (5 decks)

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