Oral Environment Flashcards
What are the 5 constituents of Oral fluids?
Saliva via major and minor salivary gland
Gingival crevicular fluid
Oral bacteria
Food debris
Epithelial cells
What are the 2 main functions of oral fluids?
Protective & Digestive
How oral fluids have a protection function?
Cleansing
Mucosal protection
Buffering
Remineralisation
Antimicrobial
In relation to oral fluids, what may cause various oral health problems
A reduction in flow/secretion = reduction in defence role
Can occur in various ways
What is the purpose of these minor salivary glands?
Name the 3 major salivary glands and the type of secretions produced?
Parotid - Serous
Submandibular - Mixed
Sublingual - Mucous
Name the 4 areas where minor salivary glands are found and the types of secretions produced?
Buccal - Mucous
Labial - Mucous
Lingual - Serous or Mucous (No combination secretions)
Palatal - Mucous
What is gingival crevicular fluid?
Fluid from epithelium lining within gingival sulcus
Known to increase in flow upon inflammation
What are the average salivary flow rates when sleeping, resting and eating?
0.03 → 0.3 → 3.0 (10 fold increase each time)
What is the estimated total daily salivary flow in ml?
500-700ml
What is the % contribution of each major salivary gland and minor salivary gland in regards to salivary flow upon sleep, rest and stimulation?
(Sleep/rest/Stimulation)
Parotid - (0/20/50)
Submandibular - (70/72/40)
Sublingual - (15/4/2)
Minor glands - (15/4/8)
What are the inorganic and organic components of saliva?
Inorganic - water (99.5%) & Ions (0.2%)
Organic - mainly proteins (0.3%) & little carbohydrate or lipid
What are the 3 core functions of saliva?
Food - Digestion, Taste, Bolus formation
What ions are present in saliva, detail their functions?
Fluoride - Antibacterial, Forms fluorapatite, promotes remineralisation
Calcium & Phosphate - (re)mineralisation
Thiocyanate (SCN) - Antibacterial
Bicarbonate, phosphates - Buffering
How salivary composition varies with flow rate?
Composition from different glands varies
Composition from a gland varies with flow rate
Note greater bicarbonate ion concentration at higher flow rates
Important for buffering plaque acid
Mention factors that affect unstimulated salivary flow rat
State of hydration
Previous stimulation
Circadian rhythms
Circannual rhythms
Medications
Salivary gland diseas
What are the 6 categories for salivary constituents?
Antimicrobial
Digestive
(Re)mineralising
Lubrication
Buffering
Special
Provide 6 examples of antimicrobial salivary constituents (Detail associated functions)?
Lysozyme - Causing lysis via bond breakage in bacterial cell walls
Cystatins - Inhibit cysteine proteases - antimicrobial function
Immunoglobins - Secretory IgA confers specific immunity - e.g. S.mutans
Lactoferrin - Iron-binding protein (Fe3+)
Lactoperoxidase - Allow oxidation of SCN- → OSCN- (hypothiocyanate) has antibacterial action
Plasma-derived substances
The result of reduced salivary flow
Increased incidence of dental caries
Caries present on buccal and labial surfaces
Provide 2 examples of digestive salivary constituents (Detail associated functions)?
Amylase → Hydrolyses 1-4A glycosidic links in stratch
Lipase → Hydrolyses triglycerides, derived from von ebner glands on tongue
Provide 2 examples of (re)mineralising salivary constituents (Detail associated functions)?
Proline-rich proteins → Inhibits growth of Ca3PO4 crystals (Anticalculus)
Statherins → Prevents Ca3PO4 precipitation (Anticalculus), therefore allows supersaturation in saliva
Provide 1 example of lubricating salivary constituents (Detail associated functions)?
Mucins → Protective lubricating role affecting bacterial adhesion, promoting bacterial aggregation and ease of clearance
Provide 1 example of special salivary constituents (Detail associated functions)?
Gustin → (Carbonic anhydrase VI) Zinc-containing protein, Facilitate taste function by activating taste buds
Provide 1 example of buffering salivary constituents?
Histatins
