Head & Neck Flashcards
Cranial bones
8 cranial bones:
Ethmoid (1)
Frontal (1)
Occipital (1)
Parietal (2)
Sphenoid (1)
Temporal (2)
Facial bones
14 facial bones:
Lacrimal (2)
Maxilla (2)
Nasal (2)
Inferior concha (2)
Palatine (2)
Vomer(1)
Zygoma (malar) (2)
Mandible (1)
Cranial sutures
Coronal suture – between frontal and parietal
Sagittal suture – between 2 parietal bones
Lambdiod suture – between the parietal bones and the occipital bone
Fontanelle
Where sutures meet → Present in babies, seals/shuts over during development
ANTERIOR FONTANELLE – between developing 2 frontal and parietal bones. Closes about 18months – 2 years
POSTERIOR FONTANELLE – between the sagittal and lambdoid sutures. Close about 1 -2 months.
Cranial base bones
- Ethmoid bone
- Frontal bone
- Occipital bone
- Sphenoid bone - butterfly shape
- Temporal bone (petrous part)
calvarium (roof) bones
The cranial vault:
-Frontal bone
-Occipital bone
-Parietal bone
-Temporal bone ( squamous part)
What is pterion?
Weakest point of skull-(Where frontal, parietal, sphenoid and temporal meet)
(middle meningeal artery) → extradural haemorrhage
Branches of the External Carotid Artery
Some anatomist like freaking out poor medical students
What internal jugular vein drains?
Drains cerebrum, inside of skull, most of external structures of the head and neck.
What external jugular vein drains?
Drains some external structures eg. posterior auricular vein/retro-mandibular vein
Divisions of Trigeminal nerve
- Ophthalmic - sensory
- Maxillary - sensory
- Mandibular - sensory/motor
What is the first branch of the trigeminal nerve and what is the type of its fibres?
Ophthalmic (V1)- sensory
branches:
-frontal nerve
-supraorbital nerve
-supratrochlear nerve
-lacrimal nerve
-nasociliary nerve
What is the second branch of the trigeminal nerve and what is the type of its fibres?
Maxillary (V2)- sensory
branches:
Superior alveolar nerve (anterior, posterior and middle)
Middle meningeal nerve
Infraorbital nerve
Zygomatic nerve
Inferior palpebral nerve
Superior labial nerve
Pharyngeal nerve
Greater and lesser palatine nerves
Nasopalatine nerve
What is the third branch of the trigeminal nerve and what is the type of its fibres?
Mandibular (V3)-Mixed nerve
Motor of muscle of mastication
Sensory nerve branches:
-Auriculotemporal Nerve
-Buccal Nerve
-Inferior Alveolar Nerve
-Lingual Nerve
What are the 3 nerves that supply extra-ocular muscle the move the eye?
CN III- Oculomotor nerve
CN IV- Trochlear nerve
CN VI- Abducens nerve
2 division of the cranium
- Neurocranium (cranial) - bone covering brain & meninges
Roof (Calvarium)
Floor (Cranial base)
8 bones → - Viscerocranium - Facial skeleton
14 bones
Pneumatised bones
A bone that contains many air cells and thus is hollow
Frontal - Sphenoid - Ethmoid - Temporal
Anterior aspect of the head
From the forehead to the chin, from ear to ear
Muscles of mastication
-Masseter (zygomatic arch –> mandible)
-Temporalis (frontal/parietal bones – coronoid process of mandible)
-Pterygoids (lateral and medial)
Muscles of the face
43 muscles in total
Very complex
Arranged around the orifices
Attached to the bone or fascia then to the skin
Supplied by the facial nerve (CN VII)
Muscles of the face broadly categorised into three groups
Orbital - Nasal - Oral
Oral group
- Orbicularis Oris
Action:
Closes the lips to narrow the oral opening
Innervation:
Buccal branches of the facial nerve - Buccinator
Action:
Pulls the cheek inwards against the teeth, preventing accumulation of food in that area
Innervation:
Buccal branches of the facial nerve
Orbital group
- Orbicularis Oculi
Actions:
- Palpebral part - Gently closes eyelids
- Lacrimal part - Drainage of tears
- Orbital part - Tightly closes eyelids
Innervation:
- Temporal & Zygomatic branches of CN7
Mumps
Caused by → Paramyxovirus, leading to swelling of parotid gland and Lymph nodes
Potential complications → Deafness, infertility, meningitis
Bell’s palsy
Facial paralysis of 1 side of face
Most common cranial neuropathy
Diagnosed only if no specific cause can be identified
Parotidectomy
Removal in full or part of parotid gland → e.g. Tumour presence
Involves careful work around facial nerves and branches
What are the boundaries of the neck?
The junction between head and thorax.
Superior limit is mandible and base of skull
Inferior limit is the thoracic inlet.
Triangles of the Neck
Anatomically divided into two triangles:
- Anterior Triangle
- Posterior Triangle
- Divided by → Sternocleidomastoid
(Sterno - Atttaches to manubrium of sternum)
(Cleido - Bar/bolt meaning)
(Mastoid - Mastoid process)
What are the proximal and distal attachment of the triangles of the neck?
Proximal attachment – mastoid process
Distal attachment – sternum and clavicle
Anterior Triangle boundaries
- Sternocleidomastoid muscle
- The midline
- The lower border of the mandible
Posterior Triangle boundaries
- Sternocleidomastoid
- Trapezius muscle
- Middle third of the clavicle
What are the muscles of the anterior triangle?
Based on position to hyoid bone:
Supra-hyoid and infra-hyoid muscles
Skeletal elements of anterior triangle
- Thyroid cartilage - 2
- Cricoid cartilage - 3
- Hyoid bone - 1
- Trachea - C (First ring)
Glands of the anterior triangle
- Thyroid gland- C5-T1
- Parathyroid gland
- Submandibular gland
Parathyroid gland is an endocrine glands, and secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH) which functions to raise the level of blood calcium.
How PTH increase blood calcium?
By:
Icreasing absorption from the gut
Increasing absorption from the kidney
Increased activity of osteoclast – break down bone and release calcium.
Mention anterior triangle nerves
Vagus
Phrenic (C3-C5)
Hypoglossal
Anterior Triangle - Vessels
Common carotid artery
Jugular veins
What is levator glandulae thyroidae ?
A fibrous remnant that stretches from the pyramidal lobe on the left side of the body of the hyoid bone.
What is the function of the phrenic nerve?
Motor to innervate the skeletal muscle of the diaphragm.
Sensory innervation to the diaphragm also, specifically the central tendon, as well as the layer around the heart called the pericardium. This structure anchors the heart to the diaphragm
Posterior Triangle - nerves
Accessory nerve
Parts of the brachial plexus
Cutaneous cervical nerves
Muscles of the Posterior Triangle
Posterior triangle-nerves
Accessory nerve
Parts of the brachial plexus
Cutaneous cervical nerve
What muscles are supplied by accessory nerves XI?
sternocleidomastoid and trapeziu
What are the functions of the lymph nodes?
- They filter lymph.
- Offer defence against the spread of infection.
What are the types of joints?
Synovial Joint
Fibrous Joints
Cartilaginous joints
Components of Synovial joint
- Bone
- Articular cartilage (hyaline)
- Marginal cartilage (fibro)
- Joint capsule
- Synovial fluid
- Tendon (active stabilisers)
- Ligaments ( passive stabilisers)
- Muscle
Types of fibrous joint
Sutures of the skull
Syndesmoses
Gomphosis
Types of Cartilaginous joint
Synchondroses (hyalin cartilage)
Symphyses (fibrocartilage)
Vertebral column
What are the basic functions of the skeleton?
Locomotion
Protection
Provides basic shape and support
Name the 2 functional parts of the skeleton?
Axial - (Head, neck, trunk)
Appendicular - (Limbs, pectoral and pelvic girdle)
What type of cartilage that reduce friction?
Articular cartilage
Detail some basic functions of bone?
Support
Protection
Mechanical basis - locomotion
Storage
New cell generation
Name the 2 types of bone?
Compact
Spongy
What is a key function of compact bone?
Strength for weight bearing
Name the 5 classifications of bone (Shape)?
Long - Tubular
Short - Cuboidal
Flat - Protective
Irregular
Sesamoid - Bone embedded within tendon or muscle (Patella)
Name the various anatomical planes?
