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Alimentary > Oral Cavity, Larynx, Pharynx and deglutition > Flashcards

Oral Cavity, Larynx, Pharynx and deglutition Flashcards

1
Q

Define ‘prehension’

A

the act of getting food into the mouth.

Domestic animals do this by using their lips, teeth, tongue & by head & jaw movements

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2
Q

Define ‘mastication’

A

the mechanical breakdown of food & allows mixing w/ saliva

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3
Q

Define ‘deglutition (swallowing)’

A

the act of swallowing:

  • initial phase = voluntary
  • remaining phases = involuntary
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4
Q

State which muscle is used to retract the angle of the mouth

A

zygomaticus

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5
Q

State which muscle is used to elevate the upper lip & draw it to one side

A

levator labii superioris

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6
Q

State which muscle is used to keep the food b/n the upper & lower molar teeth during mastication

A

buccinator

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7
Q

State which muscle is used to close the lips & assist in gathering the food, in drinking, & in mastication

A

orbicularis oris

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8
Q

State the function of the zygomaticus

A

retract the angle of the mouth

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9
Q

State the function of the levator labii superioris

A

elevate the supper lip & draw it to one side

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10
Q

State the function of the buccinator

A

keep the food b/n the upper & lower molar teeth during mastication

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11
Q

State the function of the orbicularis oris

A

close the lips & assist in gathering the food, in drinking, & in mastication

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12
Q

State which nerve these muscles are innervated by

A

CN VII (facial nerve)

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13
Q

State what is the ‘jaw opening’ muscle

A

Digastricus muscle

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14
Q

State the location of origin of this ‘jaw opening’ muscle

A

paracondylar process of the occipital bone

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15
Q

State the location of insertion of this ‘jaw opening’ muscle

A

angle of the mandible

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16
Q

State the divisions of this ‘jaw opening’ muscle (2)

A
  • caudal half - from the second visceral arch

- cranial half - from the first visceral arch

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17
Q

State which nerves each of these divisions are innervated by (2)

A

caudal half - the facial nerve, CN VII

- cranial half - the trigeminal nerve, CN III

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18
Q

State which nerve innervates all ‘jaw closing’ muscles

A

mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve, CN V

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19
Q

State which ‘jaw closing’ muscle is used to close & protrude the jaw

A

masseter muscle

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20
Q

State which ‘jaw closing’ muscle is used to protrude the jaw (one-sided contraction)

A

lateral pterygoid muscle

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21
Q

State which ‘jaw closing’ muscle is used to cause one-sided contraction to close the jaw

A

medial pterygoid muscle

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22
Q

State which ‘jaw closing’ muscle is used to pull the mandible dorsally & also pull the mandible rostrally (overbite) & caudally (underbite)

A

temporalis / temporal muscle

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23
Q

State the function of the masseter muscle

A

close & protrude the jaw

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24
Q

State the function of the lateral pterygoid muscle

A

protrude the jaw (one-sided contraction)

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25
State the function of the medial pterygoid muscle
cause one-sided contraction to close the jaw
26
State the function of the temporalis / temporal muscle (3)
- pull the mandible dorsally - pull the mandible rostrally (overbite) - pull the mandible caudally (underbite)
27
State the range of the oral cavity (2)
from the lips | - to the entrance into the pharynx
28
State the structures of the oral cavity (3)
- tongue - teeth - salivary glands
29
State the function of the guttoral pouch in horses
a paired ventral divertricule of an air field canal that connects the throat to the middle ear
30
Explain why brachicephalic dogs find it difficult to breathe
- have an elongated & thickened soft palate --> could cause pharyngeal & nasopharyngeal obstructions - have a hypoplastic larynx (everted laryngeal saccules) that will collapse the laryngeal cartilage --> blocks flow of air
31
Which muscle closes and protrudes the jaw? a. Digastricus b. Masseter c. Pterygoid d. Temporalis
b. Masseter
32
The epiglottis is part of the: a. Hard palate b. Nasopharynx c. Oropharynx d. Larynx
d. Larynx
33
Select the best option to complete the statement below: “Air, food and liquid all pass through this common passage: the oropharynx. Then, food and liquid pass backward into the __________ on their way to the __________, while air passes forward through the _________ and into the __________, on its way to the lungs”. a. Pharynx, oesophagus, nasopharynx, larynx. b. Oesophagus, stomach, pharynx, larynx. c. Oesophagus, stomach, larynx, trachea. d. Pharynx, oesophagus, larynx, trachea.
c. Oesophagus, stomach, larynx, trachea.
34
State where the hyoid apparatus is located (3)
- in the larynx - after the pharynx - b/f the trachea
35
State the function of the hyoid apparatus (2)
- holds the larynx in place | - supports the pharynx & tongue from the skull
36
Name the 5 diff. bones which make up the hyoid apparatus
- basihyoid --> unpaired bone - stylohyoid --> paired bone, articulates w/ base of skull at the petrus temporal - epihyoid --> paired bone - keratohyoid --> paired bone - thyrohyoid --> paired bone, articulates w/ the thyroid cartilage of the larynx
37
State how many cartilages are located w/i the larynx
9
38
Name the diff. unpaired & paired cartilages
unpaired: - epiglottis - thyroid - cricoid paired (situated bilaterally in the larynx): - arytenoid - corniculate - cuneiform
39
State the function of cartilages in the larynx
provide rigidity & stability
40
State the function of external laryngeal muscles
elevates/depresses the larynx during swallowing
41
State the function of internal laryngeal muscles
moves the indiv. components of the larynx --> plays a vital role in breathing & phonation
42
State which muscle is the most important & why
cricoarytenoideus dorsalis | - responsible for abducting the arytenoid cartilage to open the glottis
43
State where this muscle originates from
the dorsolateral surface of the cricoid cartilage
44
State where this muscle inserts into
the muscular process of the arytenoid cartilage
45
State where the cricoarytenoideus lateralis muscle originates from
the craniolateral surface of the cricoid cartilage
46
State where the cricoarytenoideus lateralis muscle inserts into
the muscular process of the arytenoid cartilage
47
State the function of the cricoarytenoideus lateralis muscle
to pivot the arytenoid cartilage inwards to close the glottis space
48
The thyroarytenoideus muscle gives rise to _____ & _____ muscles
ventricularis | - vocalis
49
State where the thyroarytenoideus muscle originates from
the internal midline of the thyroid cartilage
50
State where the thyroarytenoideus muscle inserts into
the arytenoid cartilage, primarily on the deep surface of the muscular process
51
State the function of the vocalis portion
draws the arytenoid cartilage downwards --> relaxing the vocal cords
52
State the function of the ventricularis portion
constricts the glottis & dilates the laryngeal saccule
53
State where the arytenoideus transversus muscle originates
the muscular process of the arytenoid
54
State where the arytenoideus transversus muscle inserts into
the interarytenoid cartilage
55
State what occurs when the arytenoideus transversus muscle is contracted
epiglottis is drawn downwards
56
State where the cricoidthyroideus muscle is located
lies laterally b/n the thyroid lamina & the cricoid cartilage
57
State the function of the cricoidthyroideus muscle when contracted
pivots the cricoid cartilage on its thyroid articulation --> tensing the vocal cords
58
Innervation to the larynx is provided mainly by _____ & _______ laryngeal nerves
- cranial | - caudal
59
Where do laryneal nerves originate from?
vagus nerve, CN X
60
State the function of the caudal laryngeal nerve
provide motor supply to all intrinsic/internal muscles in the larynx except for the cricothyroideus.
61
Explain the blood supply to the larynx
branches of the cranial & caudal thyroid arteries
62
Major salivary glands function through ________ ________
connective ducts
63
List the major & minor salivary glands
``` MAJOR: parotid mandibular sublingual zygomatic ``` ``` MINOR: labial lingual buccal palatine ```
64
Describe the innervation of salivary glands (2)
- sympathetic: vasoconstriction occurs & the flow of saliva is decreased - parapsympathetic: facial (CN VII) & glossopharyngeal (CN IX) nerves & some branches of the trigeminal nerve (CN V). --> the flow of salivary fluid increases & vasodilation occurs
65
Which of the following is NOT a bone of the Hyoid Apparatus? a. Keratohyoid b. Epihyoid c. Sesamohyoid d. Thyrohyoid e. Basihyoid
c. Sesamohyoid
66
Which of the hyoid cartilages below is paired? a. Aritenoid b. Thyroid c. Cricoid d. Epiglottis
a. Aritenoid
67
# Choose the option that completes the sentence below: “In cows, the ________ gland is located adjacent to the mandibular gland”. a. Zygomatic b. Sublingual c. Parotid d. Dorsal
c. Parotid
68
State the type of muscle contained in the tongue
striated muscle --> therefore, is mobile
69
The tongue is supported caudally by ______
hyoid bone
70
List the functions of the tongue (5)
- grooming - lapping - prehension & manipulation of food in the oral cavity - deglutition reflex - vocalisation
71
Describe the 'lyssa' structure in the tongue (3)
- firm, cartilaginous, almost bony structure - lies along the median ventral surface under the tip of the tongue - right below the frendulum
72
State the function of the 'lyssa'
the lyssa, along w/ other muscles in the tongue changes the conformation of the tongue so animals are able to rotate the apex of the tongue backwards to capture water --> facilitates the process of drinking water
73
List the intrinsic muscles in the tongue (2)
- dorsal longitudinal | - ventral longitudinal
74
List the extrinsic muscles in the tongue (4)
- styloglossus - genioglossus - hyoglossus - geniohyoideus
75
State the function of the styloglossus
State the function of the styloglossus
76
State the function of the genioglossus
protrudes & depresses the tongue
77
State the function of the hyoglossus
retracts & depresses the tongue
78
State the function of the geniohyoideus
draws the hyoid & therefore, the tongue forward - lies below the tongue (not w/i it)
79
State how innervation in the tongue is divided (3)
- movement - sensation (temp. & touch) - sensation (taste)
80
Describe innervation in the tongue for movement
hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)
81
Describe innervation in the tongue for sensation (temp. & touch)
rostral 2/3 of the tongue - lingual branch of the trigeminal (CN V) nerve
82
Describe innervation in the tongue for sensation (taste)
caudal 1/3 of the tongue - glossopharyngeal (CN IX) nerve
83
Describe the vasculature of the tongue (4)
- lingual artery (main) - branches of the external carotid artery - branches of the facial artery - branches of the ascending pharyngeal artery
84
Describe the 5 types of papillae on tongues
1. conical - mechanical - absent in horses - present in the caudal 1/3 of the tongue - no taste buds - thick epithelium 2. foliate - gustatory - 8-12 papillae in parallel folds, one either side of the tongue midline - stratified squamous epithelium in caudal 1/3 of the tongue - taste buds present - absent in ruminants 3. vallate - gustatory - taste buds present - lymphatics present 4. fungiform - red dots on tongue surface - consist of keratinised, stratified squamous epithelium & blood vessels - involved in loss of heat via panting in dogs - present in rostral 2/3 of tongue - taste buds present 5. filiform - mechanical - most numerous - point caudally - no taste buds, glands, / lymphatics - smallest - consist of thick keratin on stratified squamous epithelium - very prominent in cats - present in rostral 2/3 of tongue
85
Define 'teeth'
hard, calcified structures located in the jaws (& oral cavity) of many vertebrates
86
List the functions of teeth (4)
- mastication - piercing - hunting - defense
87
State the function of 'enamel'
- covers the head & the crown of the teeth
88
State what the inner part of the teeth are lined by (2)
- cement | - dentin
89
State what is inside the pulp cavity of teeth (3)
- blood vessels - nerves - lymphatics
90
The difference in teeth anatomy in mammals are due to patterns of ______ & _______.
- growth | - morphology
91
Describe Brachydonts (3)
- low-crowned teeth - in humans, carnivores (e.g dogs, cats, pigs) - tooth has acrown above the gingiva (a constricted neck at the gumline & the root embedded in the jaw bone)
92
Describe the structure of enamel (2)
- densely packed w/ mineral/crystals | - heavily mineralised w/ calcium salts
93
Describe the structure of cementum
- calcified connective tissue
94
Describe the structure of cementum
- calcified connective tissue
95
Describe the structure of dentin (2)
- a bone-like material | - makes up most of the tooth
96
Describe Hypsodonts
- high-crowned teeth - continue to erupt throughout life - e.g permanent teeth of horses - e.g cheek teeth of ruminants - tooth has a body, much of which is below the gum line & root, which is embedded in the alveolus of the jaw line
97
Describe 'alveolus'
a socket in the jawbone where the tooth is attached to
98
List the 4 type of specialized teeth (4)
- incisors (I) - canine teeth (C) - premolars (P) - molars (M)
99
State the function of 'dental formulae'
used to indicate the no. of each type of tooth for a given species
100
Which extrinsic muscle of the tongue is responsible for retracting and elevating it? a. Styloglossus b. Genioglossus c. Hyoglossus d. Geniohyoideus
a. Styloglossus
101
Which papillae are more prominent in cats? a. Conical b. Vallate c. Fungiform d. Filiform
d. Filiform
102
True or False? “The frenulum is a firm cartilaginous, almost bony structure lying along the median ventral surface under the tip of the tongue.”
False The lyssa is a firm cartilaginous, almost bony structure lying along the median ventral surface under the tip of the tongue.

Alimentary (2 decks)

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