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Alimentary > Oral Cavity, Larynx, Pharynx and deglutition > Flashcards

Oral Cavity, Larynx, Pharynx and deglutition Flashcards

1
Q

Define ‘prehension’

A

the act of getting food into the mouth.

Domestic animals do this by using their lips, teeth, tongue & by head & jaw movements

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2
Q

Define ‘mastication’

A

the mechanical breakdown of food & allows mixing w/ saliva

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3
Q

Define ‘deglutition (swallowing)’

A

the act of swallowing:

  • initial phase = voluntary
  • remaining phases = involuntary
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4
Q

State which muscle is used to retract the angle of the mouth

A

zygomaticus

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5
Q

State which muscle is used to elevate the upper lip & draw it to one side

A

levator labii superioris

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6
Q

State which muscle is used to keep the food b/n the upper & lower molar teeth during mastication

A

buccinator

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7
Q

State which muscle is used to close the lips & assist in gathering the food, in drinking, & in mastication

A

orbicularis oris

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8
Q

State the function of the zygomaticus

A

retract the angle of the mouth

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9
Q

State the function of the levator labii superioris

A

elevate the supper lip & draw it to one side

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10
Q

State the function of the buccinator

A

keep the food b/n the upper & lower molar teeth during mastication

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11
Q

State the function of the orbicularis oris

A

close the lips & assist in gathering the food, in drinking, & in mastication

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12
Q

State which nerve these muscles are innervated by

A

CN VII (facial nerve)

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13
Q

State what is the ‘jaw opening’ muscle

A

Digastricus muscle

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14
Q

State the location of origin of this ‘jaw opening’ muscle

A

paracondylar process of the occipital bone

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15
Q

State the location of insertion of this ‘jaw opening’ muscle

A

angle of the mandible

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16
Q

State the divisions of this ‘jaw opening’ muscle (2)

A
  • caudal half - from the second visceral arch

- cranial half - from the first visceral arch

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17
Q

State which nerves each of these divisions are innervated by (2)

A

caudal half - the facial nerve, CN VII

- cranial half - the trigeminal nerve, CN III

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18
Q

State which nerve innervates all ‘jaw closing’ muscles

A

mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve, CN V

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19
Q

State which ‘jaw closing’ muscle is used to close & protrude the jaw

A

masseter muscle

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20
Q

State which ‘jaw closing’ muscle is used to protrude the jaw (one-sided contraction)

A

lateral pterygoid muscle

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21
Q

State which ‘jaw closing’ muscle is used to cause one-sided contraction to close the jaw

A

medial pterygoid muscle

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22
Q

State which ‘jaw closing’ muscle is used to pull the mandible dorsally & also pull the mandible rostrally (overbite) & caudally (underbite)

A

temporalis / temporal muscle

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23
Q

State the function of the masseter muscle

A

close & protrude the jaw

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24
Q

State the function of the lateral pterygoid muscle

A

protrude the jaw (one-sided contraction)

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25
Q

State the function of the medial pterygoid muscle

A

cause one-sided contraction to close the jaw

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26
Q

State the function of the temporalis / temporal muscle (3)

A
  • pull the mandible dorsally
  • pull the mandible rostrally (overbite)
  • pull the mandible caudally (underbite)
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27
Q

State the range of the oral cavity (2)

A

from the lips

- to the entrance into the pharynx

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28
Q

State the structures of the oral cavity (3)

A
  • tongue
  • teeth
  • salivary glands
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29
Q

State the function of the guttoral pouch in horses

A

a paired ventral divertricule of an air field canal that connects the throat to the middle ear

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30
Q

Explain why brachicephalic dogs find it difficult to breathe

A
  • have an elongated & thickened soft palate –> could cause pharyngeal & nasopharyngeal obstructions
  • have a hypoplastic larynx (everted laryngeal saccules) that will collapse the laryngeal cartilage –> blocks flow of air
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31
Q

Which muscle closes and protrudes the jaw?

a. Digastricus
b. Masseter
c. Pterygoid
d. Temporalis

A

b. Masseter

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32
Q

The epiglottis is part of the:

a. Hard palate
b. Nasopharynx
c. Oropharynx
d. Larynx

A

d. Larynx

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33
Q

Select the best option to complete the statement below:

“Air, food and liquid all pass through this common passage: the oropharynx.

Then, food and liquid pass backward into the __________ on their way to the __________,

while air passes forward through the _________ and into the __________, on its way to the lungs”.

a. Pharynx, oesophagus, nasopharynx, larynx.
b. Oesophagus, stomach, pharynx, larynx.
c. Oesophagus, stomach, larynx, trachea.
d. Pharynx, oesophagus, larynx, trachea.

A

c. Oesophagus, stomach, larynx, trachea.

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34
Q

State where the hyoid apparatus is located (3)

A
  • in the larynx
  • after the pharynx
  • b/f the trachea
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35
Q

State the function of the hyoid apparatus (2)

A
  • holds the larynx in place

- supports the pharynx & tongue from the skull

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36
Q

Name the 5 diff. bones which make up the hyoid apparatus

A
  • basihyoid –> unpaired bone
  • stylohyoid –> paired bone, articulates w/ base of skull at the petrus temporal
  • epihyoid –> paired bone
  • keratohyoid –> paired bone
  • thyrohyoid –> paired bone, articulates w/ the thyroid cartilage of the larynx
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37
Q

State how many cartilages are located w/i the larynx

A

9

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38
Q

Name the diff. unpaired & paired cartilages

A

unpaired:

  • epiglottis
  • thyroid
  • cricoid

paired (situated bilaterally in the larynx):

  • arytenoid
  • corniculate
  • cuneiform
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39
Q

State the function of cartilages in the larynx

A

provide rigidity & stability

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40
Q

State the function of external laryngeal muscles

A

elevates/depresses the larynx during swallowing

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41
Q

State the function of internal laryngeal muscles

A

moves the indiv. components of the larynx –> plays a vital role in breathing & phonation

42
Q

State which muscle is the most important & why

A

cricoarytenoideus dorsalis

- responsible for abducting the arytenoid cartilage to open the glottis

43
Q

State where this muscle originates from

A

the dorsolateral surface of the cricoid cartilage

44
Q

State where this muscle inserts into

A

the muscular process of the arytenoid cartilage

45
Q

State where the cricoarytenoideus lateralis muscle originates from

A

the craniolateral surface of the cricoid cartilage

46
Q

State where the cricoarytenoideus lateralis muscle inserts into

A

the muscular process of the arytenoid cartilage

47
Q

State the function of the cricoarytenoideus lateralis muscle

A

to pivot the arytenoid cartilage inwards to close the glottis space

48
Q

The thyroarytenoideus muscle gives rise to _____ & _____ muscles

A

ventricularis

- vocalis

49
Q

State where the thyroarytenoideus muscle originates from

A

the internal midline of the thyroid cartilage

50
Q

State where the thyroarytenoideus muscle inserts into

A

the arytenoid cartilage, primarily on the deep surface of the muscular process

51
Q

State the function of the vocalis portion

A

draws the arytenoid cartilage downwards

–> relaxing the vocal cords

52
Q

State the function of the ventricularis portion

A

constricts the glottis & dilates the laryngeal saccule

53
Q

State where the arytenoideus transversus muscle originates

A

the muscular process of the arytenoid

54
Q

State where the arytenoideus transversus muscle inserts into

A

the interarytenoid cartilage

55
Q

State what occurs when the arytenoideus transversus muscle is contracted

A

epiglottis is drawn downwards

56
Q

State where the cricoidthyroideus muscle is located

A

lies laterally b/n the thyroid lamina & the cricoid cartilage

57
Q

State the function of the cricoidthyroideus muscle when contracted

A

pivots the cricoid cartilage on its thyroid articulation

–> tensing the vocal cords

58
Q

Innervation to the larynx is provided mainly by _____ & _______ laryngeal nerves

A
  • cranial

- caudal

59
Q

Where do laryneal nerves originate from?

A

vagus nerve, CN X

60
Q

State the function of the caudal laryngeal nerve

A

provide motor supply to all intrinsic/internal muscles in the larynx except for the cricothyroideus.

61
Q

Explain the blood supply to the larynx

A

branches of the cranial & caudal thyroid arteries

62
Q

Major salivary glands function through ________ ________

A

connective ducts

63
Q

List the major & minor salivary glands

A 
MAJOR:
parotid
mandibular
sublingual
zygomatic
MINOR:
labial
lingual
buccal
palatine
64
Q

Describe the innervation of salivary glands (2)

A
  • sympathetic: vasoconstriction occurs & the flow of saliva is decreased
  • parapsympathetic: facial (CN VII) & glossopharyngeal (CN IX) nerves & some branches of the trigeminal nerve (CN V).

–> the flow of salivary fluid increases & vasodilation occurs

65
Q

Which of the following is NOT a bone of the Hyoid Apparatus?

a. Keratohyoid
b. Epihyoid
c. Sesamohyoid
d. Thyrohyoid
e. Basihyoid

A

c. Sesamohyoid

66
Q

Which of the hyoid cartilages below is paired?

a. Aritenoid
b. Thyroid
c. Cricoid
d. Epiglottis

A

a. Aritenoid

67
Q

Choose the option that completes the sentence below:

“In cows, the ________ gland is located adjacent to the mandibular gland”.

a. Zygomatic
b. Sublingual
c. Parotid
d. Dorsal

A

c. Parotid

68
Q

State the type of muscle contained in the tongue

A

striated muscle –> therefore, is mobile

69
Q

The tongue is supported caudally by ______

A

hyoid bone

70
Q

List the functions of the tongue (5)

A
  • grooming
  • lapping
  • prehension & manipulation of food in the oral cavity
  • deglutition reflex
  • vocalisation
71
Q

Describe the ‘lyssa’ structure in the tongue (3)

A
  • firm, cartilaginous, almost bony structure
  • lies along the median ventral surface under the tip of the tongue
  • right below the frendulum
72
Q

State the function of the ‘lyssa’

A

the lyssa, along w/ other muscles in the tongue changes the conformation of the tongue so animals are able to rotate the apex of the tongue backwards to capture water –> facilitates the process of drinking water

73
Q

List the intrinsic muscles in the tongue (2)

A
  • dorsal longitudinal

- ventral longitudinal

74
Q

List the extrinsic muscles in the tongue (4)

A
  • styloglossus
  • genioglossus
  • hyoglossus
  • geniohyoideus
75
Q

State the function of the styloglossus

A

State the function of the styloglossus

76
Q

State the function of the genioglossus

A

protrudes & depresses the tongue

77
Q

State the function of the hyoglossus

A

retracts & depresses the tongue

78
Q

State the function of the geniohyoideus

A

draws the hyoid & therefore, the tongue forward

  • lies below the tongue (not w/i it)
79
Q

State how innervation in the tongue is divided (3)

A
  • movement
  • sensation (temp. & touch)
  • sensation (taste)
80
Q

Describe innervation in the tongue for movement

A

hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)

81
Q

Describe innervation in the tongue for sensation (temp. & touch)

A

rostral 2/3 of the tongue

  • lingual branch of the trigeminal (CN V) nerve
82
Q

Describe innervation in the tongue for sensation (taste)

A

caudal 1/3 of the tongue

  • glossopharyngeal (CN IX) nerve
83
Q

Describe the vasculature of the tongue (4)

A
  • lingual artery (main)
  • branches of the external carotid artery
  • branches of the facial artery
  • branches of the ascending pharyngeal artery
84
Q

Describe the 5 types of papillae on tongues

A
  1. conical
    - mechanical
    - absent in horses
    - present in the caudal 1/3 of the tongue
    - no taste buds
    - thick epithelium
  2. foliate
    - gustatory
    - 8-12 papillae in parallel folds, one either side of the tongue midline
    - stratified squamous epithelium in caudal 1/3 of the tongue
    - taste buds present
    - absent in ruminants
  3. vallate
    - gustatory
    - taste buds present
    - lymphatics present
  4. fungiform
    - red dots on tongue surface
    - consist of keratinised, stratified squamous epithelium & blood vessels
    - involved in loss of heat via panting in dogs
    - present in rostral 2/3 of tongue
    - taste buds present
  5. filiform
    - mechanical
    - most numerous
    - point caudally
    - no taste buds, glands, / lymphatics
    - smallest
    - consist of thick keratin on stratified squamous epithelium
    - very prominent in cats
    - present in rostral 2/3 of tongue
85
Q

Define ‘teeth’

A

hard, calcified structures located in the jaws (& oral cavity) of many vertebrates

86
Q

List the functions of teeth (4)

A
  • mastication
  • piercing
  • hunting
  • defense
87
Q

State the function of ‘enamel’

A
  • covers the head & the crown of the teeth
88
Q

State what the inner part of the teeth are lined by (2)

A
  • cement

- dentin

89
Q

State what is inside the pulp cavity of teeth (3)

A
  • blood vessels
  • nerves
  • lymphatics
90
Q

The difference in teeth anatomy in mammals are due to patterns of ______ & _______.

A
  • growth

- morphology

91
Q

Describe Brachydonts (3)

A
  • low-crowned teeth
  • in humans, carnivores (e.g dogs, cats, pigs)
  • tooth has acrown above the gingiva (a constricted neck at the gumline & the root embedded in the jaw bone)
92
Q

Describe the structure of enamel (2)

A
  • densely packed w/ mineral/crystals

- heavily mineralised w/ calcium salts

93
Q

Describe the structure of cementum

A
  • calcified connective tissue
94
Q

Describe the structure of cementum

A
  • calcified connective tissue
95
Q

Describe the structure of dentin (2)

A
  • a bone-like material

- makes up most of the tooth

96
Q

Describe Hypsodonts

A
  • high-crowned teeth
  • continue to erupt throughout life
  • e.g permanent teeth of horses
  • e.g cheek teeth of ruminants
  • tooth has a body, much of which is below the gum line & root, which is embedded in the alveolus of the jaw line
97
Q

Describe ‘alveolus’

A

a socket in the jawbone where the tooth is attached to

98
Q

List the 4 type of specialized teeth (4)

A
  • incisors (I)
  • canine teeth (C)
  • premolars (P)
  • molars (M)
99
Q

State the function of ‘dental formulae’

A

used to indicate the no. of each type of tooth for a given species

100
Q

Which extrinsic muscle of the tongue is responsible for retracting and elevating it?

a. Styloglossus
b. Genioglossus
c. Hyoglossus
d. Geniohyoideus

A

a. Styloglossus

101
Q

Which papillae are more prominent in cats?

a. Conical
b. Vallate
c. Fungiform
d. Filiform

A

d. Filiform

102
Q

True or False?

“The frenulum is a firm cartilaginous, almost bony structure lying along the median ventral surface under the tip of the tongue.”

A

False

The lyssa is a firm cartilaginous, almost bony structure lying along the median ventral surface under the tip of the tongue.

Alimentary (2 decks)

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