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Alimentary > Intro to GIT > Flashcards

Intro to GIT Flashcards

1
Q

State what components form the ‘headgut’ (3)

A
  • mouth
  • salivary glands
  • pharynx
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2
Q

State what components form the ‘foregut’ (2)

A
  • oesophagus

- stomach

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3
Q

State what components form the ‘midgut’ (2)

A
  • duodenum

- small intestine

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4
Q

State what components form the ‘hindgut’ (a.k.a large intestine) (3)

A
  • caecum
  • colon
  • rectum
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5
Q

State the function of the headgut in the GIT (2)

A
  • prehension of food

- mastication

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6
Q

State the function of the foregut in the GIT

A

digestion

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7
Q

State the function of the midgut in the GIT (2)

A
  • absorption

- initial storage of nutrients

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8
Q

State the function of the hindgut in the GIT

A

expulsion of unabsorbed portions of food

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9
Q

List the structures of the GIT (7)

A
  • oral cavity/mouth
  • pharynx
  • oesophagus
  • stomach
  • small intestine
  • large “ “
  • anal canal/anus
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10
Q

State the structure of the oral cavity/mouth (4)

A
  • lips
  • tongue
  • teeth
  • salivary glands
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11
Q

State the structure(s) of the pharynx

A

epiglottis

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12
Q

State the function of the oesophagus

A

connects pharynx & stomach

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13
Q

Name the divisions of the small intestine (3)

A

duodenum

  • jejunum
  • ileum
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14
Q

Name the associated organs which are located next to the small intestine (3)

A
  • liver
  • gall bladder
  • pancreas
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15
Q

The morphology of what GIT structure allows us to differentiate species on being monogastric/ruminants?

A

stomach

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16
Q

Define ‘prehension’

A

the act of getting food into the mouth

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17
Q

Define ‘mastication’

A

the mechanical breakdown of food & mixing w/ saliva

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18
Q

Define ‘deglutition’

A

the act of swallowing

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19
Q

State the type of control in the diff. phases of deglutition (swallowing) (2)

A
  • initial phase = voluntary

- remaining phases = involuntary

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20
Q

State the function of the salivary glands & saliva (4)

A
  • moisturize & lubricate food
  • aids bolus formation
  • aids enzymatic digestion
  • aids swallowing
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21
Q

Name the enzyme present in the saliva & its function

A

amylase –> breaks down carbohydrates

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22
Q

List the main salivary glands & type of secretion they produce if known (4)

A
  • parotid gland –> serous
  • mandibular gland –> mixed serous & mucous
  • sublingual gland –> mucous
  • zygomatic gland
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23
Q

State the 2 types of salivary glands

A
  • serous

- mucous salivary

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24
Q

The basic secretary unit of salivary glands are clusters of cells called ________.

A

acini

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25
Q

State the 2 basic types of acinar epithelial cells

A
  • serous cells

- mucous cells

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26
Q

State what these cells secrete

A

serous cells
- watery fluid, essentially devoid of mucous

mucous cells
- mucous-rich secretion

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27
Q

Name the divisions of the oesophagus (3)

A
  • cervical part
  • thoracic part
  • abdominal part
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28
Q

State the type of epithelium that is on the mucosa of the oesophagus

A

stratified squamous epithelium

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29
Q

Describe the submucosa layer in the oesophagus (3)

A
  • consists of elastic & collagen fibres
  • dense & irregular connective tissue
  • contains glands, blood, & lymphatic vessels
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30
Q

Describe the tunica muscularis in the oesophagus (3)

A
  • contain longitudinal & circular muscles
    • longitudinal = superficial
    • circular = located deeper
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31
Q

Describe the tissue of the serosa in the oesophagus

A

loose connective tissue

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32
Q

State the function of the stomach (2)

A
  • temporarily store food b/f it is passed onto the intestines
  • enzymatic breakdown of food
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33
Q

Name the diff. areas of the stomach (4)

A
  • cardia –> entrance of stomach
  • fundus –> upper area
  • body –> central & largest area
  • antrum (/ pylorus) –> lower area
34
Q

Name the structure in the stomach that increases surface area of the organ

A

rugae (folds)

35
Q

_____ _____ secrete _______ in the stomach

A
  • gastric pits

- enzymes

36
Q

State the pH of the stomach

A

3

37
Q

Name the 2 sphincters in the stomach & their function

A
  • cardiac sphincter –> control food passing from oesophagus to stomach
  • pyloric sphincter –> control food passing from stomach into duodenum & small intestine
38
Q

State the 3 layers of the stomach

A
  • mucosa –> inner layer
  • submucosa
  • muscularis externa
39
Q

Describe the mucosa in the stomach

A
  • contains gastric glands & pits –> breaks down food chemically
  • contains layer of smooth muscle (muscularis mucosa)
40
Q

Describe the muscularis mucosa in the stomach

A

the contraction of this muscle helps to expel the contents of the gastric glands produced in the mucosa

41
Q

Describe the submucosa in the stomach (2)

A

contains:

  • blood vessels
  • lymphatic vessels
42
Q

Name the 3 layers of muscle in the mucularis externa in the stomach

A
  • inner oblique layer
  • middle circular
  • external longitudinal layer
43
Q

State the function of the muscularis externa in the stomach

A

the contraction of the muscle layers help to break up the food mechanically

44
Q

Compare the anatomy of the stomach in diff. species (3)

A
  • carnivores & hindgut fermenters (e.g pigs, horses) –> monogastric; one simple stomach
  • ruminants (e.g sheep, goat, cow) –> complex 4 chambered stomach
  • pseudoruminants (e.g camels, hippos) –> 3 chambered stomach
45
Q

Name the diff. chambers in ruminants & pseudoruminants

A

4 chambered stomach:

  • rumen
  • reticulum
  • omasum
  • abomasum

3 chambered stomach:

  • rumen
  • reticulum
  • omasum & abomasum combined into one
46
Q

State the function of diff. parts of the small intestine (5)

A

duodenum:

  • lining secretes mucous & fluids
  • interacts w/ juices from bile duct & pancreatic duct

jejunum & ileum:

  • secretes fluids
  • chemical digestion
  • nutrient absorption
47
Q

State the functional unit of the liver (cells)

A

hepatocytes

48
Q

State the function of liver cells (4)

A
  • synthesis of bile
  • biotransformation of substances in body
  • storage
  • synthesis of blood components
49
Q

The liver is supplied by the ______ artery

A

hepatic

50
Q

Blood is drained from the liver by the _____ _____ & the _____ _____ _____

A
  • portal vein

- caudal vena cava

51
Q

Describe the lobule & associated structures (3)

A
  • hexagonal shape
  • portal triads –> at the vertices
  • central vein –> middle
52
Q

Sheets of ______ _______ divide the liver into lobules

A

connective tissue

53
Q

Name the 3 main structures the portal triad contains

A
  • bile duct
  • hepatic arteriole
  • portal venule
54
Q

State the blood supply of the pancreas

A

branches from the splenic artery

55
Q

State in what way the structure of the pancreas is similar to that of the liver

A

the pancreas is divided into lobules by connective tissue (septae)

56
Q

State the 3 diff. regions of the pancreas

A
  • head
  • body
  • tail
57
Q

Explain why the pancreas is a ‘compound gland’ (2)

A

bc it contains:

  • a cluster of exocrine cells –> acini
  • endocrine cells –> pancreatic islets of Langerhans
58
Q

State the 2 main types of cells in the islet of Langerhans

A
  • alpha cells

- beta cells

59
Q

State their functions

A
  • alpha cells –> produce & secrete glucagon

- beta cells –> produce & secrete insulin

60
Q

State the function of pancreatic acini

A

produce pancreatic juice containing digestive enzymes –> will be released into the pancreatic duct to the duodenum

61
Q

State the endocrine & exocrine products of the pancreas

A

endocrine:
- hormones-: glucagon & insulin)

exocrine:
- digestive enzymes

62
Q

Name the 6 divisions of the large intestine

A

1) caecum
2) ascending colon
3) transverse colon
4) descending colon
5) rectum
6) anus

63
Q

State the function of caecum

A

digestion of cellulose via microflora

64
Q

State where the digestion of cellulose via microflora occurs in the large intestine in hindgut fermenters (2)

A
  • caecum

- colon

65
Q

State the functions of the colon (2)

A
  • absorption of water & ions

- compaction of undigested material & microflora

66
Q

State the function of the rectum & anus

A

expulsion of faeces that were undigested

67
Q

State what is the ‘ileocaecal junction’

A

the union b/n the ileum & caecum

68
Q

Describe the caecum in dogs (5)

A
  • on right side of abdomen
  • no direct connection to the ileum
  • short
  • held by the ileocaecal fold
  • little microbial fermentation
69
Q

Describe the caecum in ruminants (3)

A
  • on right side of abdomen
  • in the supraomental recess
  • some microbial fermentation
70
Q

Describe the caecum in horses (3)

A
  • formed by haustra & tenia
  • significant amount of fermentation
  • points cranially
71
Q

Describe the caecum in pigs (2)

A
  • on left side of abdomen

- apex points caudoventrally

72
Q

State at which point the descending colon is renamed ‘rectum’

A

once it enters the pelvic cavity

73
Q

State how many layers the colon has

A

4

74
Q

Describe the tunica muscularis

A

contracts the colon to facilitate the movement of food through the colon

75
Q

____________ is the process that involves the mechanical breakdown of food and allows mixing with saliva.

A

mastication

76
Q

Which salivary gland produces mixed (serous and mucous) secretion?

A

mandibular

77
Q

Which layer surrounds the oesophagus external surface?

A

serosa (/ adventitia)

78
Q

“The main role of the colon is to promote fermentation through cellulose breakdown by microflora” True/False?

A

FALSE

79
Q

Name 2 animals that are considered to be hindgut fermenters

A
  • horse

- rabbit

80
Q

In the __________ is when there is most absorption of water and ions together with compaction of undigested material.

A

colon

Alimentary (2 decks)

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