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GI > Oral Cavity and Salivary Gland Histology > Flashcards

Oral Cavity and Salivary Gland Histology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the salivary glands?

A

provide lubricants, digestive enzymes, bactericidal enzymes and secretory IgA

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2
Q

What is the makeup of the mucosa lining the oral cavity adapted for lining? places it is found?

A

epithelium- non-keratinized, only three strata: basale, spinosum, superficiale, lamina propria- loose CT with thin collagen fibers, contains BV, lymphatics and ; inner lip, cheeks, floor of mouth, ventral surface of tongue, soft palate

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3
Q

What is the makeup of the mucosa lining the oral cavity adapted for mastication? Where is it found?

A

epithelium: keratinized or parakeratinized (not fully keratinized but redder towards the surface), lamina propria- thick papillary area, continuous with underlying bone

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4
Q

Where are taste receptors found in the mouth?

A

tongue, soft palate, palatoglossal arches, pharynx

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5
Q

What is the composition of the submucosa in the oral cavity?

A

except for tongue and palate; large bands of collagen and elastic fibers, larger nerves, blood vessels, lymphatics, may contain minor salivary glands

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6
Q

Where is striated muscle found in the oral cavity?

A

lips, cheeks, tongue

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7
Q

Where are mucous glands and loose connective tissue are found in the oral cavity?

A

soft palate, cheeks, ventral surface of tongue and the floor of the mouth

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8
Q

What is metaplasia?

A

change in adult cell type to another in response to some kind of insult

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9
Q

What is the make up of the epidermal surface of the lip and cheek?

A

external aspect, epidermis- keratinized stratified squamous; dermis, hair follicles, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, erector pili muscles

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10
Q

What is the make up of the mucosal surface of the lip and cheek?

A

internal aspect, thick non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium, deep rete ridges, connective tissue papilla, minor salivary glands (labial glands), highly vascularized, seromucous glands, no hair

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11
Q

What is the make up of the vermillion zone of the lip?

A

muco-cutaneous junction, thin keratinized, stratified squamous epithelium which is highly vascularized; absence of hair follicles, sweat glands and sebaceous glands

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12
Q

What is the make up of the core of the lip and cheek?

A

skeletal muscle interspersed with fibroelastic connective tissue

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13
Q

What are the general structural features of the tongue?

A

dorsal surface contains lingual papillae, ventral surface consists of nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium, the sulcus terminalis and foramen cecum divide anterior 2/3 and posterior 1/3

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14
Q

What are the characteristics of filiform papillae and where are they found?

A

located on anterior 2/3 of tongue, keratinized, cone shaped, point towards the posterior, no associated taste buds

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15
Q

What are the characteristics of foliate papilla and where are they found?

A

posterior lateral side of tongue, taste buds on lateral aspects, more prominent in younger individuals, non-keratinized; form ridges

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16
Q

What are the characteristics of fungiform papillae and where are they found?

A

interspersed with filiform papillae, mushroom shaped, lightly keratinized or para-keratinized, taste buds located on dorsal surface of papillae

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17
Q

What are the characteristics of circumvallate and where are they found?

A

located on posterior aspect of anterior 2/3 of the tongue, anterior to the foramen cecum, surrounded by the deep groove, ducts at base of groove leads to serous glands of Von Ebner, taste buds on the lateral aspects, numerous taste buds more than fungiform, lightly keratinized; moat- ensure continuous stimuli for taste

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18
Q

What are the characteristics of the pharyngeal part of the tongue and where is it?

A

base of tongue posterior to vallate papillae, devoid of papillae, contains low elevations due to lingual tonsils, each tonsil has own crypt

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19
Q

What is the make-up of the core of the tongue?

A

skeletal muscle, glands, nerves, adipose tissue

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20
Q

What is the make-up of the taste buds?

A

light staining balls, taste pore, neuroepithelial cells (sensory cells, synapse w/ VII, IX, X) supporting cell (secrete product around microvilli, fluid helps to continually clean) and basal cells (regenerative)

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21
Q

What are three diseases that affect the tongue? characteristics of each?

A

Herpes- plaques mostly in mucosa, can ulcerate if scraped; Black Hairy tongue- poor dental hygiene or immune compromise, filiform hypertrophy; Thrush- fungal infection, affecting mucosa

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22
Q

What are the three regions the tooth is divided into?

A

crown-covered with enamel, neck where the enamel meets the cementum, and the root covered with cementum and attached to the alveolar bone by the periodontal ligament

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23
Q

What is the apical foramen?

A

where blood vessels and nerves enter and leave pulp

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24
Q

What is the pulp cavity and what is it made up of?

A

central cavity of tooth continuous with root canal; contains loose connective tissue, fibroblasts, macrophages, odontoblasts, blood vessels and nerves

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25
Q

What is the dentin and what is it made up of?

A

surrounds the entire pulp cavity, composed of organic component, type 1 collagen and glycosaminoglycan, mineral component (70% Ca), it is secreted by odontoblasts which lie along periphery of pulp cavity

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26
Q

What is the tome’s fiber and what is it made up of?

A

odontoblasts process, located in dentinal tubule; analogous to canaliculus of bone)

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27
Q

What is the enamel and what is it made up of? What makes it?

A

covers the dentin of the crown; composed of enamel rods or prisms held together by a small amount of interprismatic cementing substance; enamel largely made of mineral salts (96%-98% Ca hydroxyapatite) organic components are unique class of proteins called amelogens and enamelins; enamel formed by ameloblasts

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28
Q

What is the cementum and what is it made up of?

A

covers the root (65% Ca hydroxyapatite); formed by cementoblasts located in lacunae, attaches to surrounding bone by periodontal ligament, tissue actively turnover responds to stress put on tissue

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29
Q

What is the periodontal ligament and what is it made up of?

A

CT attachment between cementum and alveolar bone, suspend tooth in bony socket; rapidly turned over so susceptible to nutritional deficit esp. Vit C and protein; Ligament has rich nerve supply and is sensitive to pressure; adapts to pressure

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30
Q

What is the sharpey’s fibers and what are they made up of?

A

collagen fibers from the periodontal ligament which are embedded in the alveolar bone

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31
Q

What is the gingiva and what is it made up of?

A

surrounds each tooth like a collar, with a sulcus around the tooth between the enamel and gingiva, consists of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium, strongly attached to alveolar periosteum and tooth via basal lamina like thickening called the cuticle or epithelial attachment

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32
Q

What causes dental carries?

A

bacteria erode enamel by secreting acid to digest the starch stuck to the teeth, it can erode into the dentin and the pulp chamber, risk goes up as saliva production goes down

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33
Q

What is and what causes periodontal disease?

A

food on the tooth calcifies, inflames gingiva, opening the sulcus

34
Q

What happens to meth users teeth?

A

grinding of teeth and carb craving plus lack of good dental hygiene; leads to significant loss of teeth

35
Q

Teeth are formed from an interaction of what two types of tissue?

A

ectoderm and mesenchyme

36
Q

What is the first step in tooth development?

A

a horse shoe shaped band of epithelium, called the dental lamina, extends into the gum from the surface of the dental arch

37
Q

How is the dental papilla formed?

A

mesenchymal cells congregate into a mass at the distal end of the dental lamina;

38
Q

Cells derived from the papilla will eventually form what?

A

dentin and the pulp

39
Q

What cells will develop into the cells that produce enamel?

A

knob like masses of epithelial cells that form at the site of each future tooth along the dental lamina

40
Q

What is the enamel organ? What makes it up?

A

4 layered bell-shaped structure; formed at each site of each future tooth; the outer convex layer is called the outer enamel epithelium, the inner concave surface is called the inner enamel epithelium, the stratum intermedium is the layer internal to the inner enamel epithelium, and the intervening core is the stellate reticulum

41
Q

Which cells become the enamel secreting ameloblasts?

A

as the dental lamina disintegrates, the inner enamel epithelial cells differentiate into columnar cells

42
Q

Which cells become the odontoblasts? What do they do?

A

the outermost cells of the dental papilla; they form predentin,

43
Q

What stimulates the ameloblasts to produce enamel?

A

the mineralization of dentin

44
Q

What is Tomes fiber?

A

thin cell processes left behind when the cell bodies of the odontoblasts migrate towards the center as they produce predentin

45
Q

What is Hertwig’s root sheath? What does it do?

A

encloses the dental papilla, forms from the down growth of inner and outer enamel epithelium; it stimulates the differentiation of underlying mesenchyme to odontoblasts

46
Q

What stimulates the development of cementoblasts? From which cell type?

A

calcification of the predentin stimulates disintegration of the root sheath, which then stimulates the mesenchyme to develop into cementoblasts

47
Q

What makes up the periodontal ligament? What does it do?

A

collagen fibers from surrounding fibroblasts are trapped in cementum and remodeled; attaches the tooth to the surrounding alveolar bone

48
Q

What is shed when the tooth erupts?

A

the enamel organ, including the ameloblasts, form a cuticle and are shed; also loose the stellate reticulum and stratum intermedium

49
Q

When do adult teeth form relative to primary teeth?

A

at the same time

50
Q

Which cells continue to form throughout life and which die and when?

A

odontoblasts continue to form throughout life, ameloblasts die as the tooth erupts, cementoblasts are continually renewed they can restrict the pulp chamber so much that nerve and blood vessels cut off to that tooth

51
Q

What causes the gingival hemorrhage?

A

vitamin C deficiency, scurvy, bleeding gums and bone pain

52
Q

What is the make up histologically of the hard palate?

A

the nasal surface is lined by respiratory epithelium of pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium, the oral surface is stratified squamous parakeratinized epithelium, with deep rete ridges interdigitating with connective tissue papillae, collagen, mucous glands and adipose tissue, core is bone

53
Q

What is the make up histologically of the soft palate?

A

nasal surface lined by respiratory epithelium, oral surface- stratified squamous non-keratinized, shallow rete ridges interdigitating with lamina propria, numerous mucous glands, core is muscle

54
Q

What are tonsils?

A

collection of lymphoid tissue forming a discontinuous ring around the entrance of mouth nose and pharynx; Waldeyer’s ring

55
Q

Which conditions can cause a decrease in saliva production?

A

sjorgen’s syndrome, diabetes, AIDs, Parkinson’s, , some medication, radiotherapy in the head and neck, nerve damage

56
Q

What is the histological make up of the pharynx?

A

upper part is pseudostratified ciliated columnar, lower part nonkeratinized stratified squamous, abundant elastic fibers and mucous glands, skeletal muscle circular and longitudinal with abundant elastic fibers

57
Q

What is the composition of secretions that come from serous glands? What is the makeup of the cells?

A

watery and enzyme rich; pyramidal shape, broad resting base on the basal lamina with basophilic cytoplasm, narrow apical surface toward the lumen that is eosinophilic, round nucleus, cells often arranged as acini, with myoepithelial cells associated with secretory end pieces and ducts

58
Q

What is the histological characteristic of the mucus glands? What are the characteristics of the secretions?

A

cuboidal to columnar in shape, oval nuclei located toward the base of the cell parallel to the basement membrane, secretory droplets located at the apex (large and clear with H & E staining, located at the apex), often arrange as tubules, produce mucin, viscous mixture of glycoproteins

59
Q

What is the makeup of mixed glands?

A

both serous and mucus secretions; serous demilunes are located at the end of a mucous tubule

60
Q

What is the make-up of the myoepithelial cells?

A

derived from epithelial cells, contain keratin, contain myofilaments (actin and myosin), flat long processes around the secretory component, located between basement membrane and epithelial cell, stimulated by nerves and hormones;

61
Q

What is the function of the myoepithelial cells?

A

either prevent expansion or contract to express product

62
Q

What are the different types of ducts?

A

intercalated and striated making up the intralobular, and excretory ducts

63
Q

What are the characteristics of the intercalated ducts?

A

located immediately distal to secretory portion, simple squamous to simple cuboidal, secrete HCO3 and absorb Cl

64
Q

What are the characteristics of the striated ducts?

A

main function is modulation of pH and ionic composition of saliva, simple cuboidal to low columnar, basal plasma membrane deeply invaginated, striations are vertical arrangement of mitochondria between the invaginations (Na and Cl reabsorbed, K, HCO3 are secreted) striated ducts drain lobules of gland

65
Q

What are the characteristics of the excretory ducts?

A

no metabolic modification, simple cuboidal, pseudostratified columnar, stratified cuboidal or stratified columnar, located in interlobular and interlobular septal connective tissue, main duct - stratified columnar epithelium, stratified squamous near opening to oral cavity, connect with epithelial surface directly or via a major named duct

66
Q

What are the characteristics of the minor salivary glands?

A

~10% of saliva, located between bundles of striated muscle in tongue, mucosa of cheek, floor of mouth and palate; secretions are more serous than mucous, short ducts (cuboidal epithelium)

67
Q

What are the different major salivary glands?

A

parotid, submandibular, sublingual

68
Q

What are the characteristics of the parotid gland?

A

25% of total salivary volume, mainly serous, no centroacinar cells, large and conspicuous striated ducts, intercalated longer than in sublingual or submandibular, fat cells normally found in parotid glands, high amylase activity

69
Q

What are the characteristics of the submandibular gland?

A

70% salivary volume, mixed gland, serous greater than mucous, striated duct more developed than parotid or sublingual, weak amylolytic activity, demilunes contain lysozyme

70
Q

What are the characteristics of the sublingual gland?

A

5% salivary volume, mixed gland, mucous greater than serous, serous present as demilunes, acini extend into skeletal muscle of tongue, intralobular duct system poorly developed

71
Q

What components of saliva come from the secretory cells?

A

enzymes (lysozymes, amylase, lipase, peroxidase), mucin within tubules, immunoglobulin (sIgA)- sequesters antigen before taken up, lactoferrin to bind Fe so bacteria cant use it, bicarbonate- buffer in the mouth, calcium phosphate- helps with initial mineralization and maintenance mineralization of teeth

72
Q

What components of saliva come from the ductal cells?

A

reabsorb Na and Cl, in striated (secreted in secretory cells), secrete: Kallikrein, IgA, bicarbonate, K

73
Q

How is the secretion from salivary glands regulated?

A

more nervous than hormonal, nerves: cholinergic, adrenergic, quantity and composition different but mechanism is unknown, hormones have no direct stimulation and modulate effects of nerves

74
Q

What parts of the salivary glands are effected by the parasympathetic system? What is the make up of the secretions?

A

secretory end pieces, ducts, blood vessels, and myoepithelial cells, same neuron can end on secretory end piece and ductal elements both; generally watery enzyme rich; higher volume low [protein]

75
Q

What parts of the salivary glands are effected by the sympathetic system? What is the make up of the secretions?

A

secretory end pieces and blood vessels, individual neurons innervate nearby blood vessels indirectly affecting secretion or end on secretory end piece; generally small amounts and viscous; low volume high [protein]

76
Q

What factors affect salivation?

A

increase with ingestion of food or autonomic stimulation, tactile, olfactory, sight; minor glands secrete constantly

77
Q

What is mumps?

A

viral infection of parotid gland, very painful swelling

78
Q

What are salivary gland tumors?

A

parotid gland most common for the major glands, can be problematic due to the facial nerve, palatine are the most affected in minor glands

79
Q

What is Sjorgen syndrome?

A

autoimmune disease, salivary glands and other mucosal secretions are effected; give gtts in the eyes, nose and mouth for lubrication

80
Q

What is a salivary calculus?

A

develop stones, back up secretions, can be painful

GI (9 decks)

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