Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

GI > GI Physiology > Flashcards

GI Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the splanchnic blood system?

A

from heart through abdominal organs back to heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What things increase blood flow during increase GI activity?

A

effect of gut activity and metabolic factors; release of dilator substance (CCK, VIP, gastrin, secretin), release of kinins (bradykinin-dilator peptide), decreased oxygen concentration in the gut wall (adenosine); more sensitive to ischemia than other tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the use of the countercurrent blood flow in the villi? complications from this?

A

blood can be shunted from one side to the other bypassing some tissue during exercise or shock; short term cells will die and be replace by stem cells; long term leads to necrosis and then sepsis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How does the neural system control blood flow through the GI?

A

PS- stomach, SI, LI, increases blood flow and glandular secretions; Symp- direct effect on entire GI via intense vasoconstriction of arterioles and reduction of flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the 4 main systems controlling splanchnic circulation?

A

autonimics (PS, S, enteric, and sensory), cardiovascular (CO, art press, BV), Digestive system control (vasodilator metabolites and paracrines, local mech- myogenic, posprandial hyperemia, O2 countercurrent) and endocrine and paracrine control (vasoconstrictor and GI hormones, immunologic paracrines)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the five distinct functions of the GI tract?

A

secretion, motility, digestion, absorption, immunity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What role does the GI system play in immunity?

A

largest area of the body with direct contact with infectious/toxic substances, 80% immunoglobulin producing cells are in the SI; also have acid, mucous and motility to protect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the sphincters under total CNS control?

A

upper and lower esophageal sphincter, ileocecal and anal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Which sphincters are under minimal CNS control?

A

pyloric and oddi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the swallowing reflex?

A

UES opens due to pressure generated by bolus of food pushed back followed by peristaltic waves of relaxation and contraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the function of the LES?

A

prevent stomach acid and contents from entering the esophagus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is GERD?

A

failure of LES to contract following ingestion, heartburn feeling due to stomach contraction pushing stomach contents into the esophagus, antihistamines can be used to reduce acid (H2 receptor antagonist) or proton pump inhibitor (H-K-ATPase)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is achalasia?

A

absence of relaxation of LES or impaired peristalsis in distal esophagus; probly loss of Vagal inhibitory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the function of the pyloric valve?

A

regulates movement of chime from stomach into small intestine to ensure adequate digestion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the function of the sphincter of oddi? What mechanism causes it to open?

A

guards exit of common bile duct and pancreatic duct; CCK produces contraction of gall bladder driving bile down the duct; when chime enters the duodenum, this sphincter prevents chime from entering the ducts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the function of the internal anal sphincter?

A

circular and longitudinal smooth muscle under involuntary control; prevent movement of fecal matter through anus unless external anal sphincter is relaxed; forced open by pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the function of the external anal sphincter?

A

Encircles rectum, contains only striated muscle, under voluntary control; pelvic cholinergic nerves cause tonic contraction to hold everything in

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the general function of the myenteric plexus?

A

controls GI movements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the two divisions of the enteric nervous system?

A

submucosal plexus (meissner’s) and myenteric plexus (auerbachs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is BER?

A

basic electrical rhythm; cycling of RMP from -60 to -40 to -60 etc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What stimuli cause depolarization in the enteric NS

A

stretch, ACh, PS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What stimuli cause hyperpolarization of the enteric NS?

A

noradrenaline, sympathetics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Where is the myenteric plexus located? main type of neurons found there?

A

between circular and longitudinal muscle layers, most are motor neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the excitatory role of the myenteric plexus?

A

control movement of GI tract; when stimulated it increases intensity of rhythmic contractions, increases rate of rhythmic contractions, increases velocity of conduction of excitatory waves along the gut wall (more peristalsis); motor excitatory neurons release ACh and substance P onto smooth muscle receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the inhibitory role of the myenteric plexus?

A

some neurons secrete VIP and NO that inhibit contraction of GI smooth muscle, inhibit movements of GI tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Where is the submucosal plexus found? What do most of the neurons do?

A

in submucosal layer; regulate glandular, endocrine and epithelial cell secretion and GI blood flow, mostly sensory, release Ach onto glandular or epithelial cells to stimulate secretion; receives signals from epithelium and stretch receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Where do chemo and stretch receptors in the GI epithelium synapse to ?

A

enteric system, prevertebral ganglia, spinal cord and brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What PS nerves affect the enteric NS?

A

pelvic (just myenteric) and vagus (myenteric, submucosal and epithelial cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are the different types of neurons in the myenteric plexus and their corresponding NT?

A

stimulatory motor-ACh, inhibitory motor-NO, Ascending and descending interneurons-ACh, 5-HT, and sensory neurons- substance P

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What are the different types of neurons in the submucosal plexus and their corresponding NT?

A

noncholinergic secretomotor- VIP, cholinergic secretomotor- ACh, sensory neurons- substance P (small peptide, pain and vasodilator)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What are the localized GI reflexes?

A

entirely in the enteric NS, GI secretions, peristalsis, and mixing, intrinsic, travel short distances and distention is the usual stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is the gastrocolic reflec?

A

from stomach(during emptying of stomach after ingestion of meal) to colon in order to evacuate the colon; probly mediated by gastrin; well developed in infants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is the enterogastric reflex?

A

from colon or SI to stomach, inhibit gastric motility and secretions, release of gastrin is shut off; probably stimulated by acid in the duodenum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

what is the colonoileal reflex?

A

from colon to ileum, inhibit contents at ileocecal valve from emptying into the colon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What systems act on the extrinsic reflexes of the GI?

A

components contained within GI, can be modulated by extrinsic factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What are some general features of neurohormonal regulation of the GI tract?

A

mediated by peptides, amino acid derivatives, lipids and steroids; GI hormones are peptides but not all peptides are hormones; mediators have both membrane and intracellular targets, intricate and redundant, crosstalk between systems allow for integrated regulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What methods of signaling are used in neurohormonal control of the GI?

A

endocrine, paracrine, neurocrine, immune/juxtacrine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What 4 things establish the existence of GI hormones?

A

event in one segment alters activity of another (except autocrine), effect persists after neural connections have been severed (except neurocrine), capable of reproducing the effect if injected into the blood (must be isolated from site of stimulation), hormone must be id chemically and structure confirmed by synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What is the source, stimuli for release and main action of gastrin?

A

G cells (somach, prox SI), peptides, AA, neural (GRP, vagal), stretch, inhibited by acid; increases HCl secretion, parietal cell growth (make pepsin and enzymes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What is the source, stimuli for release and main action of CCK?

A

CCK cells (I cells) duodenum and jejunum; CCK-RP, fatty acid, AA, neural; pancreatic enzyme secretion, gallbladder contraction, pancreatic growth, inhibits gastric motility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What is the source, stimuli for release and main action of secretin?

A

S cells in duodenum and jejunum; luminal pH <4 and FA; ductal secretion in pancreas (HCO3) and bile ducts, pancreatic growth, inhibits acid secretion; more potent than CCK

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What is the source, stimuli for release and main action of somatostatin?

A

D cells, nerves; fat, protein, low pH; decreases acid, enzyme secretion and inhibits gastrin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What are the endocrine mediators involved in response to meal?

A

CCK, gastrin, GIP, pancreatic polypeptide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What are the neurpcrine mediators involved in response to meal?

A

ACh, CCK, GRP (gastrin releasing peptide), NO, Substance P, VIP, 5-hydroxytryptamine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What are the paracrine mediators involved in response to meal?

A

CCK, Histamine, 5-hydroxytryptamine, somatostatin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What are the two CCK receptor types? What do they bind with?

A

CCK A just CCK; CCK B (smaller binding site, gastrin 2 sites and CCK

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What are some general feature of the secretin family?

A

peptides with structural homology to secretin (VIP, glucagon, GIP; effects presumably mediated via cAMP or similar signaling system

48
Q

what does GIP do?

A

stimulates insulin release, inhibits acid secretion

49
Q

What does motilin do?

A

stimulates gastric and intestinal motility

50
Q

What are the general structural features of CCK/gastrin family?

A

peptides, particularly similar at C termini; amidated C termini- protect against carboypeptidase activity

51
Q

Where is gastrin secreted in GI tract? Where doe it taper off and where is it last found?

A

antrum of stomach, duodenum, jejunum

52
Q

Where is CCK secreted in GI tract? Where doe it taper off and where is it last found?

A

duodenum, ileum, ileum

53
Q

Where is secretin secreted in GI tract? Where doe it taper off and where is it last found?

A

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

54
Q

Where is GIP secreted in GI tract? Where is it last found?

A

duodenum, jejunum

55
Q

Where is motilin secreted in GI tract? Where is it last found?

A

duodenum, jejunum

56
Q

What factors stimulate GIP secretion?

A

FA and glucose

57
Q

What factor stimulate motilin secretion? inhibit?

A

neural; protein/AA, FA, glucose

58
Q

What are the major contributors to neurocrine? function?

A

VIP, NO-relaxation of smooth muscle; ACh- multi stimulatory, mediate vagal and vagovagal effects; GRP- increases gastrin release; ekephalins- increased smooth muscle tone, slow transit

59
Q

What percent of GI secretions are excreted?

A

1%

60
Q

What are the functions of chewing and salivary secretions?

A

food in smaller particles, formation of bolus, initiation of starch (lipid?) digestion, facilitation of taste, cleansing of mouth and selective antibac action, clearance and neutralization of refluxed gastric acid, regulation of food intake and eating behavior, aids in speech

61
Q

What transporters are active in the salivary ductal cells? what disease affects which transporter? What is the product?

A

NA reabsorption- ENaC, NHE; HCO3 excretion via CL exchange, K secretion via K/H exchange, CFTR channel secreting CL; CFTR affected in cystic fibrosis; hypotonic KHCO3 rich and NaCl poor

62
Q

How is the flow rate of saliva and the rate of Na reabsorption related?

A

as flow rate increases, NA reabsorption rate increases

63
Q

What are the organic constituents of saliva ?

A

mucins, amylase, lipase, lysozyme, IgA, nerve growth factor, epidermal growth factor

64
Q

What things are affected by PS and Symp input on salivary glands?

A

secretion, vasodilation, myoepithelial contraction, metabolism, growth

65
Q

How does the sympathetic system act on the salivary gland? (source, mediator, cell signaling)

A

superior cervical gang, norepi, cAMP

66
Q

How does the parasympathetic system act on the salivary gland? (source, mediator, cell signaling)

A

savilary nucleus of the medulla, ACh, M3 muscarinic receptor, Ca2+

67
Q

What things have a negative effect on salivary nucleus of medulla (PS)?

A

fatigue, sleep, fear, dehydration

68
Q

What things have a positive effect on salivary nucleus of medulla (PS)?

A

condition reflexes, smell, taste, pressure, nausea

69
Q

What is the make up and function of esophageal secretions?

A

entirely mucus, provide lubrication for swallowing and protection from acid that might enter lower part

70
Q

What are the components of the gastric secretions?

A

main: HCl, pepsin, mucus, intrinsic factor and bicarbonate ion

71
Q

What is the make up of LES/cardia secretions?and function of the region

A

mucus and HCO3; prevention of reflux, entry of food, regulation of belching

72
Q

What is the make up of fundus and body secretions? and function of region?

A

H+, intrinsic factor, mucus, HCO3, pepsinogens, lipase; resvoir, tonic force during emptying

73
Q

What is the make up of fundus and body secretions? and function of region?

A

mucus, HCO3; mixing, grinding, sieving, regulation of emptying

74
Q

What are the phases of gastric acid secretion?

A

cephalic (anticipatory effect), gastric (food enters), intestinal (some movement into intestine, but some remains)

75
Q

What are the vagal effects on GI responses during the cephalic phase?

A

DVC receives stimulus (anticipation, smell, sight, taste);motor- relaxation of stomach smooth muscle and oddi, contracton of Gallbladder; secretory: HCl, pepsinogen, intrinsic factor, gastrin, pancreatic enzymes

76
Q

Gastric distention triggers what responses mediated by the vago-vagal reflexes?

A

DVC receives distention stimuli, causes receptive relaxation, acid secretion, pepsinogen secretion, antral contraction, gastrin secretion and via protein break down by pepsin to oligopeptides (feeds back to stimulate parietal and chief cells, intrinsic neural path), pancreatic enzyme secretion, sphincter oddi relaxation

77
Q

what stimulates the parietal cell? to secrete what?

A

neuron releases GRP on G cell which secretes gastrin travels via blood and stimulates parietal cell and stimulates ECL cell which releases histamine paracrine through lamina propria stimulation of parietal cell; neuron releases ACh on ECL stimulating histamine signal and ACh directly stimulate parietal cell which secretes HCl

78
Q

What cellular transporters are involved in the parietal cells secretion of H+?

A

apical: CL channel, and H/K ATPase; basal side: HCO3/Cl (HCO3 to IS) CO2 diffusion in and reaction with H2O via carbonic anhydrase

79
Q

What are all the mediators that stimulate parietal secretion of HCl? inhibit?

A

stimulate: gastrin, ACh, Ca, Histamine, inhibit: Somatostatin, Prostaglandins

80
Q

What is the makeup of the pancreatic secretions and from which cells?

A

digestive enzymes in proenzymes form from acini; HCO3 from ductal cells

81
Q

What are the different enzymes secreted by the pancreatic ancinar cells? category?

A

Proteases: trypsinogen, chyotrypsinogen, proelstase, procarboxypeptidase A and B; Amylolytic enzyme: amylase; Lipase: Lipase, lipase related proteins, non-specific sterase; Nucleases: deoxyribonuclease, ribonuclease; Other: procolipase, trypsin inhibitors, monitor peptide

82
Q

What method is used by pancreatic acini to secrete and what is it dependent on?

A

vesicular, Ca->calmodulin->degranulation

83
Q

What medators effect the ductal cell secretion? acini?

A

ACh and secretin; ACh, CCK, GRP, VIP

84
Q

What factors effect the pH in the duodenum?

A

H+ from stomach, H+ absorption, HCO3 secretion from pancreatic ductal cells and in bile, dietary buffer: protein, peptides, FA

85
Q

WHat is the method for HCO3 secretion?

A

apical HCO3/Cl exchange, CFTR; basal, HCO3/NA cotransport, CO2 and H2O (CA in cell to make HCO3) secretin most powerful stimulus start cAMP cascade inserting CFTR in apical side

86
Q

Hwo does CCK activate neural and hormonal path affecting pancreatic secretion?

A

CCK acts on vagal nerve to DVC down Vagus to pancreas releasing ACh, VIP, and GRP via enteric plexus; CCK also enters circulation and acts on pancreas; both cause secretion

87
Q

what occurs in the cephalic and gastric phase of pancreatic secretion?

A

stimuli to DVC: sight, taste, smell, stomach distention; vagus causes g cell release of gastrin which activates CCKA receptor in pancreas and ACh release from vagus in pancreas on M3 receptor; cause release of H2O, enzymes and HCO3

88
Q

What occurs in the intestinal phase of pancreatic secretion?

A

protein and lipid breakdown stimulate vago-vagal reflex primarily on acinar cells; H+ stimulates S cells to secrete secretin in duodenum, acts on receptors in duct to secrete HCO3

89
Q

What are the secretions of the SI? function? what glands?

A

isotonic alkaline fluid, secretes bicarbonate to neutralize acid, mucus for lubrication and prevent passage of microorganism into mucosa; brunner’s , crypts of lieberkurn, microvilli

90
Q

What transporters are involved in electrogenic chloride secretion in crypt cells?

A

apical: CFTR (VIP and PG stimuli); basal: Na/Cl/K tritransporter, Na paracellularly

91
Q

What are the three types of diarrhea and their cause?

A

inflammatory- decrease surface area for absorption of H2O and electrolytes; osmotic- deficiency of absorption of products of digestion (ex lactose intolerance); secretory- bacterial infections, specifically stimulate cAMP to increase chloride ion secretion, water follows

92
Q

What are the secretions of the large intestine? How?

A

mucus, chloride (similar mech. to SI CFTR), K (passive paracellular and active Na/Katpase tritransporter basal and apical ion channel), and HCO3 (Cl-HCO3 or coupled NaHE and Cl-HCO3E)

93
Q

WHat inactivates salivary amylase? How long does pancreatic lipase take to digest all carbs?

A

low pH; 15-30 min

94
Q

What affects the rate of luminal carb hydrolysis in SI? Brush border?

A

source of carbs, effect of fiber and protein; proximity of enzymes to transport path improves uptake efficacy, mediated by heavily glycosylated membrane proteins anchored via single transmembrane segment

95
Q

How is gastric proteolysis achieved?

A

pepsin- stored and secreted in chief cells, autolytic cleavage of N-terminal peptideyeilds active at low pH, cleavage at neutral AA preferable esp large alipathic and aromatic, inactivated at 4.5, non-essential, products mainly large and non-absorbable peptides

96
Q

What are the enzymes in proteolytic activity in SI?

A

endopeptidases (attack from middle), ectopeptidases/carboxypeptidases (attack carboxy terminus), initial actiation is cleavage of N-terminus peptide from trypsin (mediated by enterokinase on enterocyte membrane)

97
Q

Where are proteolytic brush border enzymes found? why are they needed?

A

only on villi enterocytes not in crypts; 60-70% of luminal product is small oligopeptides and only 30% free AA

98
Q

How are AA absorbed?

A

dipeptide can sometimes be faster and important immunologically for infants; patients with specific AA transport defects do not become deficient due to di peptide uptake, tri and di peptide transporters cotransport with H, AA transporters co transport with Na

99
Q

What happes to absorbed di and tripeptides in the cytosol of the enterocyte?

A

peptidases break them down; glycine and proline containing ones are resistant

100
Q

What are the two comonpenents of signals in peristalsis?

A

stimulatory above food to propel food with contraction (secondary), inhibitory stimulus to relax smooth muscle below the food (primary)

101
Q

How is mixing achieved?

A

segmental contraction

102
Q

What are the components of the chewing reflex?

A

presence of food causes reflex inhibition of muscles droping the jaw which initiates a stretch reflex causing rebound contraction which pushes bolus against palate causing relax, continues until voluntary pushing of bolus back to pharynx

103
Q

What are the stages of swallowing?

A

voluntary food into pharynx, reflex involuntary- pharyngeal muscular contraction, soft palate moves up, palatopharyngeal folds pulled to center to form slit, larynx pulled up and anterior, epiglottis closes over the trachea, UES relaxes, esophageal peristalsis

104
Q

What causes mixing in the stomach and what else does it do?

A

weak peristaltic waves generated; upper part show a low frequency sustained contractions that are responsible for generating a basal pressure and a pressure gradient leading to gastric emptying; increase in peristaltic strength of contraction in antrum, these are stimulated by distension and squirt chime into the SI

105
Q

What causes vomiting?

A

glottis closed, larynx raised, UES open, diaphragm contracted down creating negative pressure, abdominal muscle contraction squeezes stomach increasing intragastric pressure, facilitates opening of LES, reverse peristalsis

106
Q

What stimuli cause vomiting?

A

pain, sights, anticipation, motion, vertigo all act on brain stem vomiting center, pharyngeal stimuli, ipecac, cytotoxic drugs and irritants act on NTS and the BSVC

107
Q

What facilitates the gastroenteric reflex?

A

distention in stomach through myenteric plexus, gastrin, serotonin, CCK enhance stomach motility; glucagon inhibits SI motility

108
Q

What is the intrinsic defecation reflex?

A

feces enter rectum, distention initiates afferent signal through myenteric plexus initiate peristaltic contractions in descending, sigmoid and rectum, wave approaches intrernal sphincter and it reflexively relaxes, if external is voluntarily relaxed defecation will occur (weak)

109
Q

What is parasympathetic defecation reflex?

A

enhances peristaltic waves and relaxation of internal anal sphincter, still need external to be relaxed; reflexes die after minutes if external is not relaxed can be reinitiated by deep breath and abdominal contraction

110
Q

What happens if the spinal cord is damaged?

A

urge to defecate not felt, can result in distension of rectum resulting in megacolon

111
Q

What gas is produced in the stomach? where does it go?

A

nitrogen and CO2 usually from swallowing, belch

112
Q

What gas is produced in the SI? where does it go?

A

CO2, absorbed

113
Q

What gas is produced in the LI? where does it go?

A

CO2, methane, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen; some absorbed; O2, methane, and H very explosive and cause flatus

114
Q

What is hirshsprung’s disease?

A

congenital megacolon; absence of enteric NS in colon, internal anal sphincter tone increased

115
Q

What is IBS?

A

abdominal pain with constipation or diarrhea

116
Q

What is Crohn’s disease?

A

chronic inflammation unknown origin, may be genetic component, damage to intestinal layers, may be related to B or virus; thickening of intestinal mucosa (malabsortpion), ulcerations (some rectal bleeding) and diarrhea; surgery and steroids

117
Q

What is ulcerative colitis?

A

inflammation of colon, rectal bleeding, can involve entire colon (unlike Crohns), usually diarrhea, very diffuse disease, usually involves mucosa, steroids and antibiotics

GI (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions