Oral Cavity and Pharynx Flashcards
1
Q
Name the organs in the digestive system
A
- Oral cavity: teeth, tongue, salivary organs
- Pharynx
- Oesophagus
- Stomach
- Small intesstine
- LArge intestine
- Rectum and anal canal
- Gall bladder
- Liver
- Pancreas
2
Q
Name all the different components of the small intestine
A
- Duodenum
- Jejunum
- Ileum
3
Q
Name all the components of the Large intestine
A
- Caecum
- Appendix
- Ascending colon
- Transverse colon
- Descending colon
- Sigmoid colon
4
Q
What is the palatoglossal arch?
A
One of a pair of ridges or folds of mucous membrane passing from the soft palate to the side of the tongue; it encloses the palatoglossus muscle and forms the anterior margin of the tonsillar fossa. Also demarcates the oral cavity from the isthmus of fauces
5
Q
What is thought to enhance the sucking capability of an infant?
A
Buccal fat pad
6
Q
What are epstein’s pearls?
A
Clusters of white spots in the midline junction of hard and soft palates
7
Q
What are th tonsils contained within waldeyer’s ring?
A
- Pharyngeal
- Tubal
- Palatine
- Lingual
8
Q
What are the function of the salivary glands?
A
- Lubrication and binding of masticated food
- Solubilization of dry food
- Digestion of carbohydrqates (alph-amylase)
- oral hygiene
9
Q
What is the cheek (buccae) made up by?
A
- Skin
- Buccinator muscle
- Buccopharyngeal fascia
- Buccal glands
- Buccal (Bichat’s) fat pad
- Mucous membrane
10
Q
What does the buccinator attach to?
A
- Maxilla
- Mandible
- Pterygomandibular raphe (where it fuses with the superior pharyngeal constrictor)
11
Q
What are the functions of the digestive system which prepare food for cellular utilization?
A
- Ingestion
- Mastication
- Deglutition (swalowing)
- Propulaion (peristalisis, segmentation)
- Mechanical digestion
- Chemical digestion
- Absorption
- Defecation
12
Q
Where does the oral vestibule lie?
A
Between the lips and the cheeks externally and the gums and teeth internally
13
Q
What are the cheeks (buccae) made up of?
A
- Skin
- Buccinator muscle
- Buccopharyngeal fossa
- Buccal glands
- Buccal (Bichat’s) fat pat
- Mucous membrane
14
Q
What muscle makes up the bulk of the cheek?
A
Buccinator muscle
15
Q
What does the buccinator muscle attach to?
A
- Maxilla
- Mandible
- Pterygomandibular raphe (where it fuses with the superior pharyngeal constrictor)
16
Q
Crossing over of the middle buccinator muscles helps us do what?
A
Purse our lips
17
Q
Where can the point of cross-over be felt?
A
Just lateral to the angle of the mouth
18
Q
What muscle does the buccinator muscle contribute to at the lips?
A
Orbicularis oris
19
Q
What are the 2 arches which extend from the uvula to the lateral walls?
A
Anteriorly: Palatoglossal arch
Posteriorly: Palatopharyngeal arch
20
Q
What is formed between the palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal arches?
A
Tonsillar fossa
21
Q
What does the tonsillar fossa house?
A
Palatine tonsils
22
Q
What are the muscles of the soft palate?
A
- Palatoglossus
- Palatopharyngeus
- Levator veli palatini
- Tensor veli palatini
23
Q
What are the muscles of mastication?
A
- Medial pterygoid
- Lateral pterygoid
- Masseter
- Temporalis
24
Q
What is the only muscle of mastication that opens the mouth?
A
Lateral pterygoid by protracting the mandible
25
What muscle forms a support for the tongue?
Mylohyoid muscle
26
How can an infection from the mouth reach the neck?
Through the fascial plane
27
What gives the tongue a 'furry' appearance?
Papillae which grip food and house taste buds
28
What is the tongue
A 'bag' of striated muscles, covered with mucous membrane
29
What are the 4 types of papillae?
- Vallate (circumvallate) papillae
- Folate papillae
- Fungiform papillae
- Filiform papillae
30
What papillae is not involved in taste and what does it function as?
Filiform papillae and makes the surface rough
31
How can the muscles of the tongue be divided?
Into extrinsic and intrinsic
32
How do extrinsic muscles affect the tongue?
Alter the position (move) the tongue
33
What are the extrinsic muscles of the tongue innervated by?
Hypoglossal nerve except palatoglossus (pharyngeal plexus, CN-X)
34
What are the intrinsic muscles of the tongue innervated by?
Hypoglossal nerve (CN-XII)
35
How do the intrinsic muscles affect the tongue?
THey alter the shape of the tongue
36
What muscles draw the tongue upwards and backwards?
The palatoglossus and styloglossus
37
What muscle of the tongue draw the sides downwards
Hyoglossus
38
What extrinsic muscle when paralysed can block the airway?
Genio-glossus
39
What is the boundry called that seperates the body of the tongue (ant 2/3) from the root (post 1/3) of the tongue?`
Sulcus terminalis
40
What is a tonsil
An aggregate of lymphoid cells in the mucosa of the pharynx
41
What are crypts?
Pockets or folds that occur naturally in the tonsils food and muccous can become trapped and become stones in them
42
What may be a problem during surgically removing the palatine tonsils?
Palatine tonsils are highly vascular and bleeding from the tonsillar branches of the palatine artery may occur
43
What is Waldeyer's ring?
Tonsils which form a lymphatic ring around the openings of the respiratory and gastro-intestinal tracts
- Pharyngeal
- Tubal X2
- Palatine X2
- Lingual
44
Where is the lingual tonsil located?
The root of the tongue
45
What is the function of the salivary glands?
- Lubrication and binding of masticated food
- Solubilization of dry food
- Digestion of carbohydrates (alph-amylase)
- Oral hygiene
46
What are the main components of saliva?
Water, mucus, electrolytes and enzymes
47
What is the innervation of the salivary glands?
Parasympathetic secretomotor fibres from the:
- Fascial (CN-VII) and
- Glossopharyngeal (CN-IX) nerves
48
What is the effect of the sympathetic nervous system on saliva?
Viscous saliva
49
What are the salivary glands?
- 2 parotid glands
- Sublingual gland
- Submandibular
50
What is the largest of the salivary glands?
Parotid
51
What salivary gland is supplied by the glossopharyngeal nerve?
Parotid
52
Why do surgeons often not operate on the parotid gland?
It is the site of the terminal branching of the external carotid artery and fascial nerve
53
What duct is opposite the second maxillary molar tooth?
Stensen's duct
54
What are Koplik's spots?
Sign of measles, white spots within the oral cavity
55
What duct is the most common site for sialothiasis (salivary stones)?
Submandibular (most saliva comes from here)
56
What are the 4 regions teeth can be found?
- Left/right
| - Maxillary/mandibular
57
What do each region of teeth have?
- 2x incisors
- 1x canine
- 2x premolars
- 3x molars
58
What is the pharynx?
A musculofibrous tube which is open anteriorly, organises breathing and swallowing
59
Where does the pharynx lie?
- Base of skull to lower border of cricoid cartilage (upper margin of C6 vertebra)
60
What the three regions of the pharynx?
- Nasopharynx
- Oropharynx
- Laryngopharynx
61
What muscles run between torus tubarius and pharynx and palatate?
The salpingopharyngeus and salpingopalatine muscles which then fold the salpingopharyngeal and salpingopalatine folds
62
What is the tobus tubarius?
Pharyngotympanic tube cartilage (inverted u shaped)
63
What is the piriform fossa?
- Recess that lies between the pharyngeal wall and quadrangular membrane
- Things can get stuck here
64
What are the muscles of the pharynx?
```
- Constrictor/circular muscles
Superior pharyngeal
Middle pharyngeal
Inferior pharyngeal
- Longitudinal/elevator muscles
Stylopharyngeus
Platopharyngeus
Salpingopharyngeus
```
65
What is the sinus of morgangni?
The space between the base of the skull and the upper free border of superior constrictor
66
Where does the superior pharyngeal constrictor travel?
Attaches to the pterygoid hamulus and pterygomandibular raphe with the buccinator
67
Where does the middle pharyngeak constrictor travel?
Attaches to hyoid bone and stylohyoid ligament
68
Where does the inferior pharyngeal constrictor travel from?
Attaches to the oblique line of the thyroid cartilage, the cricoid cartilage
69
Where do the constrictor muscles insert?
The pharyngeal raphe which attaches to pharyngeal tubercle
70
What is the gap between the occipital bone and superior constrictor closed by?
Pharyngobasilar fascia
71
What is Killian/s dehiscence?
The inferior-most region of the inferior constrictor muscle, where the superior pharyngeal constrictor ends
Relitavly weak area mucosa can permeate through (called pharyngoesophageal/Zenker's diverticulum)
72
What is passavant's ridge or the palatopharyngeal sphincter?
- Mucosal ridge caused by superior pharyngeal constrictor or the palatopharyngeus
- Encircles the posterior and lateral walls of nasopharynx
- During swallowing it touches to the soft palate and seperates oro and nasopharynx
73
What is the palatopharyngeus?
- Elevates the pharynx and larynx
- Draws the soft palate downwards
- Brings the palatopharyngeal arch backwards
separates the oral cavity from the pharynx
74
What is the stylopharyngeus?
- Elevator
- Extends from the styloid process to pass between the superior and middle pharyngeal constrictors and fan into the internal pharyngeal surface
75
What is the salpingopharyngeus?
- Elevator
| - Descends into the pharynx fom torus tubarius (opens auditory tube during swallowing)
76
What is the oropharyngeal triangle penetrated by?
- Stylopharyngeus muscle
- Glossopharyngeus nerve
- Stylohyoid ligament
77
What do the elevators do?
- Pull pharynx superiorly and receive bolus
78
What do the pharyngeal constrictors do?
- Compress lumen of the pharynx and push bolus towards the oesophagus
They contract involuntarily from superior to inferior
79
What is the cricopharyngeal sphincter?
- Lower circular part of inferior pharyngeal constrictor around the upper oesophagus
- Prevents air being drawn into the stomach during inhalation
80
What is the blood supply of the pharynx?
- Upper pharynx - branches of the external carotid artery
| - Lower pharynx - branches of the inferior thyroid artery of the thyrocervical trunk of subclavian artery
81
What is the venous drainage of the pharynx?
- Drained by the ptertgoid plexus
| - Converges on the fascial and internal jugular veins
82
What is the lymph drainage of the pharynx?
Retropharyngeal paratracheal and infrahyoid nodes which then lead to deep cervical nodes
83
What do the palatine tonsils drian to?
Jugulodigastic node (palapable when inflammed)
84
What muscle is supplies by the glossopharyngeal (CN-IX) nerve?
Stylopharyngeus
85
What are all the pharyngeal elevators supplied by except (stylopharyngeus)?
Vagus (CN-X)
86
What is the pharyngeal plexus?
- Plexus which contains branches of CN-IX, CN-X and cervical sympathetics
- Lies on the external pharyngeal wall
87
Parasympathetic secretomotor signals are transmitted via what nerves?
Vagus (CN-X) and fascial (CN-VII)
88
What is the sensory nerve to the nasopharynx?
- Maxillary (CN-V2) division of trigeminal
89
What does the glossopharyngeus (CN-IX) supply?
- Oropharynx
- Palatine tonsils
- Inferior surface of soft palate
- Posterior 1/3 of the tongue
Pain may be referred to the middle ear
90
What nerve gives the sensory supply to the laryngopharynx, vallecula and epiglottis?
Vagus (CN-X)
91
CHEWING AND SWALLOWING
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