Oral cavity and pharynx Flashcards
What is the significance of dental carries in bovine medicine?
Not significant
What is a cause of premature dental attrition?
Grazing on sandy soil and wearing down the teeth prematurely
How do you treat premature dental attrition?
You do not treat this condition
How common are fractured teeth in cattle?
rare
What causes staining of the teeth?
The diet
Describe the incidence of calculi in cattle
Not common, but can happen
What can prevent calculi in cattle?
A high fiber diet keeps the teeth clean
What clinical signs does Fluorosis cause?
Pitting of the teeth and teeth weakness
How do you diagnose Fluorosis?
Remove the bone in tail and have it analyzed
What environmental factor can contribute to fluorosis?
Areas with a lot of factories can have fluoride in the air which gets into the grass
Medical term for a “short mandible” and what it the etiology?
Brachygnathia – hereditary
also called a “weak jaw”
What is the main consequence of Brachygnathia?
The calf has difficulty eating since the teeth don’t meet the dental pad. They can’t chew grass.
The condition that results when the fetus cannot swallow the fetal fluids –
hydrops uterus – amnion
(allantoic has to do with the allantoic membrane and a fast accumulation of fluid)
Adamantinoma is?
A tumor of the teeth
How often do we see salivary problems?
uncommon -- Ptyalism: excessive salivation. A problem not only of oral disease, but also choke, rumenal and abomasal problems, toxicities, or even rabies (animal having trouble swallowing) Sialadenitis Salivary cyst salivary gland neoplasia
The medical term for “wooden tongue” and the disease causing organism
Actinobacillosis (Actinobacillus lignieresii)
How common in actinobacillosis? and is it infectious?
uncommonly seen, it is infectious
What tissues are affected with actinobacillosis?
soft tissues i.e. the tongue gets very inflammed (but hard tissues can be also)
What are the clinical signs associated with Wooden tongue?
Painful, nodular lesions involving soft tissues such as tongue, lip, and nose. Infection in the oral cavity can result in swelling at the base of the tongue and difficulty eating.
How do you diagnose Actinobacillosis?
Examine the pus: Look for sulfur granules and identify the gram negative rod shaped bacteria.
The recommended therapy for Wooden tongue?
Surgical debridement and flush with iodide solution (potassium iodide orally or sodium iodide IV)
Abx: Tetracycline (Oxy-) or tilmicosin. Some respond to oxytetracycline.
What is the medical term for “Lumpy jaw” and what is the disease causing organism?
Actinomycosis (Actionmyces bovis)
What types of tissues are affected with Actinomycosis?
Hard tissues – the mandaible usually and occasionally maxilla. (Some soft tissue can be affected also)
Clinical signs of lumpy jaw
Lesions develop in the mandible or maxilla or soft tissues after entering through oral abrasions.
Typical lesion is a hard, immovable mass on the mandible
Fistulous tracts may develop
Teeth may be involved leading to weight loss d/t difficulty chewing
How do you diagnose Actinomycosis?
Gram-positive filamentous, branching organism.
Biopsy and radiographs
Sulfur granules may occur
The two methods of therapy for Lumpy jaw?
- Surgical drainage of the bone abscess folllowed by flushing or packing with iodine - cut out the lump with sx
- Sodium Iodide
- Lugol’s solution – potassium iodine and iodine, give parenterally
- Radiation therapy
What is the etiology of Blue tongue disease?
Orbivirus
What is the incidence of blue tongue disease in Sheep vs. Cattle?
Affects sheep more severely
• 80% morbidity sheep - many can be clinically affected
• 20% morbidity cattle
Cattle are readily infected but most only show mild clinical signs, yet remain carriers
How is orbivirus transmitted and how many are usually infected?
Transmitted by culicoides vectors and usually occurs near the end of the summer months – Canada “does not have it”
Can affect only one animal in the herd
The incubation period for Orbivirus?
about one week
What are the clinical signs of Blue tongue virus in sheep and Cattle?
Bovine infection is usually inapparent - don’t show a lot of clinical signs
Disease begins w/hyperemia of mucous membranes and skin – esp. the coronary band
(Coronitis), udder, teats and muzzle (red nose - photosensitivity)
Fever, excess salivation, stiffness and lameness – inflammation of the coronary bad
Abortions or congenital abnormalities may occur
How do you diagnose Blue tongue virus? And how often is the test performed?
serology, ELISA is more sensitive than AGID
- Test 2x within one week
What is the treatment for Bluetongue?
Symptomatic treatment
Protection from the sun – prevent photosensitivity
Control of vectors – no preventative vx in US
“Highly contagious picornavirus” is responsible for what disease?
Foot and mouth disease
What animals does Foot and mouth disease affect?
Affects cattle, pigs, sheep, goats, NOT HORSES
Where is foot and mouth disease endemic?
Endemic in central Europe, India, China, South America, Africa
Hasn’t occurred in the USA in years
How is Foot and mouth disease transmitted and how are outbreaks usually started?
**Transmitted through contact, airborne transmission.
People can carry the virus along w/recovered animals
Can survive for months in FOOD products from infected animals
Outbreaks often start by feeding uncooked garbage to pigs
• Pigs are VERY infective to other animals b/c they breathe out high concentrations of virus
Clinical signs of foot and mouth disease
Short incubation
Slight fever and drooling
Vesicles develop on the tongue, lips, coronary band, interdigital space
Looks similar to other vesicular diseases endemic in the USA
**Primary sign in pigs is foot lesions
How is foot and mouth disease diagnosed?
Lesions, Inoculation of test animals
The control of foot and mouth disease?
Immunization – only protects against certain strains
*****Quarantine and destruction!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
What disease is caused by Vesiculovirus? Where is it found and how is it transmitted?
Vesicular stomatitis
Found in USA - Colorado
Transmitted via direct contact (not airborne)
- incubation period of 2-5 days
What are the clinical signs of vesicular stomatitis?
Looks similar to FMD but also infects horses
! Affects swine horses, cattle
Inflammation of the mucosa of the tongue and mouth
Formation of vesicles containing clear or yellowish serous fluid
Symptoms related to lesions
Morbidity low unless spread by mechanical
means
How is vesicular stomatitis diagnosed?
Clinical signs
Tests – virus neutralization, ELISA
Treatment for Vesicular Stomatitis?
Insect vector control*
Vaccination – not used unless there is an outbreak – depends on strain
• Not used prophylactically
Etiology of Bovine papular stomatitis?
parapoxvirus
Clinical signs of Bovine papular stomatitis?
Mild viral disease of calves characterized by proliferative lesions around or in the mouth – may not see clinical signs
How often do we treat for Bovine papular stomatitis?
treatment is seldom indicated
pestivirus is responsible for what disease?
Bovine virus diarrhea (BVD)
What are the two strains of BVD?
cytopathic — immunosuppressive!!*
non-cytopathic – more common
What are the type TYPES of BVD and how do they present?
Type I – more mild and subclinical (most of what we see)
Type II – more acute and clinical
What clinical signs are associted with type I BVD
May be subclinical • Transient fever • Oculonasal discharge • Viremia • Diarrhea • Depression • Anorexia • Mucosal ulceration • Immunosuppression
What clinical signs are associated with type II BVD
Acute signs • Thrombocytopenia and hemorrhage in anterior chamber of eye and GI tract, see tar like stool because passing digested blood. • High fever • Anorexia • Depression • Death • Abortions
The outcome of infection of a pregnant animal infected with BVD depends on these 3 factors:
- Strain of BVD
- Stage of Gestation
- Immune status of the cow
The outcomes of infection of BVD based on the stage of gestation: before 1st or 2nd trimester
fetal death or abortion
The outcomes of infection of BVD based on the stage of gestation: days 90-120
• **Infection before immunocompetence –persistent infection***
o Fetus may be immuno tolerant
o Live birth and animal viremic
o Most animals are poor doers and die within 1 year
o Some animals are relatively unaffected and serve
as source of infection for the rest of the herd
o Mucosal disease may result if a persistently
infected animal becomes infected with a cytopathic strain of the virus, eventually results in death
Pregnant cattle infected with BVD during days 120-180. What is the effect on the calf?
Birth defects (cerebellar hypoplasia)
The outcomes of infection of BVD based on the stage of gestation: after day 180
normal, seropositive calf
The diagnosis for BVD?
Serology – acute and convalescent titers; - takes awhile
Skin test (ELISA) – detection of persistent infection; ear hole punch
Fluorescent antibody test on nose/eye secretions
How is BVD controlled?
- Testing and elimination of persistently infected animals
- Can be spread in frozen semen or spread iatrogenically
- Vaccination – several on market, very effective against types I and II (part of routine vx with bovine respiratory viruses)
What are the two forms of malignant catarrhal fever? And what are their reservoir?
- Sheep associated form – White tailed deer and cattle (US and Europe)
- African form – wildebeest and bison
How is Malignant catarrhal fever spread?
Does not spread from cow to cow (but can spread from sheep to cow)
Spread from sheep, deer, wildebeest – esp. newborn animals
Secretions not infectious, fomites not infectious
The clinical signs of MCF
Acute generalized viral disease
High fever
Severe panophthalmitis w/tearing and blindness
Severe inflammatory mucosal lesions
Nasal discharge
Labored breathing, drooling
Usually occurs as a single case – high mortality, low morbidity
Diagnosis of MCF
Lesions, clinical signs
Virus isolation
FA test
Treatment of MCF
No treatment and No vaccine available
In the US the Dz of cattle which is characterized by symptoms similar to those in rinderpest is:
a. BVD/MC
b. IBR
c. PI3
d. Malignant catarrhal fever
e. Vesicular Stomatitis
a. BVD/MC
What disease in cattle has been eradicated worldwide?
Rhinderpest!
What animals did Rhinderpest affect? What were the clinical signs?
Ruminants – mostly sheep and goats (looks similar to pestes de petitis)
Fever, inflammation, hemorrhage, erosion of entire GIT
Severe diarrhea and wasting
What was the progression of the disease and mortality rate? How is it prevented?
Spread via direct contact – Incubation 3-9 days
104-107 fever for 2-7 days ->Nose runs, eye discharge
Recumbency, death – almost 100% mortality.
Can only prevent these signs by keeping the virus out!
What is the most common etiology of pharyngeal trauma/abscess?
iatrogenic*
- Frick tube (speculum) allows you to place stomach tube w/o cow chewing it
o Can damage pharynx if frick tube is pushed in too far
o Used to be associated with oral med - ie deworming medications
Clinical signs of pharyngeal trauma/abscess include:
Anorexia o Depression o Drooling of saliva o Malodorous breath o Extended head and neck o Fever, dyspnea, swelling of neck o Aspiration pneumonia may be sequel
Diagnose pharyngeal trauma/abscess by…
clinical examination and palpation
Treatment for pharyngeal abscess
Drainage – drain abscess to outside or can drain to inside where they swallow the pus - the abscess is in
area near LN, but are also near vagus nerve, carotid artery, jugular vein; place large gauge needle into
abscess to drain a little than cut down to abscess and lavage
o Abx
What causes choke?
Ingestion of foreign objects – apples, beats
- other problems that cause dysphagia need to be differentiated (Rumen stasis and anorexia are common CS of all diseases – must rule out all possibilities before dx as primary problem)
Clinical signs of choke
Sheep with do a front leg dance and a “self-Heimlich”
o Anxiety, restlessness
o Salivation and drooling
o Repeated coughing attempts – trying to get rid of FB
o Bloat – failure of eructation, gas is trapped in rumen, can be deadly - due to blockage of esophagus –
pressure on thorax and that inhibits animal from breathing.
The two forms of diagnosis for choke
Physical examination/hx – palpation of neck - if cervical area may be able to feel or even pull out
- If in pharyngeal area, more easily treated
- If in esophagus, may not be able to remove
- If stuck at cardia, may need rumenotomy to remove
Passage of a stomach tube to help localize the problem
- Should go all the way into the lumen of the stomach – if not = problem
What is the first concern in treatment of choke
relief of the bloat
