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GI Pathology > Oral and Oesophageal Pathology > Flashcards

Oral and Oesophageal Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

Give some causes of acute oesophagitis

A

Chemical ingestion

Infection (IC patients)

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2
Q

Give some causes of chronic oesophagitis

A

Reflux disease

Crohn’s disease

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3
Q

Define reflux oesophagitis

A

This is an inflammation of the oesophagus due to refluxed, low pH gastric content

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4
Q

What are some of the causes of reflux oesophagitis?

A

Defective sphincter mechanisms
Abnormal oesophageal motility
Increased intra-abdominal pressure

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5
Q

What does reflux oesophagitis cause histopathologically?

A

Basal zone epithelial expansion

Intraepithelial neutrophils, lymphocytes and eosinophils

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6
Q

What are some complications of reflux oesophagitis?

A

Ulceration
Stricture
Barrett’s oesophagus

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7
Q

What is Barrett’s oesophagus?

A

It is the metaplasia in oesophageal epithelium from stratified squamous to simple columnar

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8
Q

What causes Barrett’s oesophagus?

A

Persistent reflux of acid/bile

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9
Q

What is allergic oesophagitis?

A

This is eosinophilic oesophagitis seen in patients with a history of allergy

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10
Q

How is allergic oesophagitis treated?

A

With corticosteroids, montelukast and chromoglycate

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11
Q

Give an example of a benign oesophageal tumour

A

Squamous papilloma

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12
Q

Give two examples of malignant oesophageal tumours

A

Adenocarcinoma

Squamous cell carcinoma

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13
Q

Give some causes of squamous cell carcinoma

A 
Smoking 
Alcohol
HPV
Vitamin A
Tannic acid
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14
Q

Outline the pathogenesis of oesophageal squamous cell carcinomas

A

Epithelium replaced by insulted epithelium in GORD. Epithelium acquires mutations (in oncogenes and tumour suppressor genes) leading to dysplasia

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15
Q

Outline the pathogenesis of oesophageal adenocarcinomas

A

Genetic factors, GORD etc. → Chronic reflux oesophagitis → Barrett’s oeosphagus (intestinal metaplasia) → Low grade dysplasia → High grade dysplasia → Adenocarcinomas

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16
Q

Where may oesophageal carcinoma metastasise to?

A

Direct invasion (other organs)
Lymphatic permeation
Vascular invasion

17
Q

How may patients with oesophageal carcinoma present clinically?

A

Dysphagia
Anaemia
Weight loss
Loss of energy

18
Q

Where may oral squamous cell carcinomas present?

A

Floor of mouth
Lateral border of ventral gland
Soft palate
Retromolar pad/tonsillar pillars

19
Q

What are some common causes of oral SCCs?

A 
Tobacco
Alcohol
HPV
Nutritional deficiencies
Genetics
20
Q

How is the prognosis of oral SCCs determined?

A 
Tumour diameter
Depth of invasion
Pattern of invasion
Lymphovascular disease
Metastatic disease
Extracapsular spread and lymph node metastases

GI Pathology (7 decks)

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