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NBEO step 2 > optoprep quiz > Flashcards

optoprep quiz Flashcards

1
Q

when to prescribe myopic prescription?

A

isometropia
upto 1 year old: -5.00

1-2 yo: -4.00

2-3yo: -3.00

anisometropia:
up to 1 year: -2.50
1-2 year: -2.50
2-3 year: -2.00

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1
Q

when to prescribe hyperopia no esotropia?

A

isometropia
up to 1 year old: +6.00

1-2yo: +5.00

2-3yo: +4.50

anisometropia:
up to 1 year: +2.50
1-2 year: +2.00
2-3 year: +1.50

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2
Q

when to prescribe for hyperopia with esotropia?

A

isometropia
up to 1 year old: +3.00

1-2yo: +2.00

2-3yo: +1.50

anisometropia:
up to 1 year: +2.50
1-2 year: +2.00
2-3 year: +1.50

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3
Q

when to prescribe astigmatism?

A

isometropia
up to 1 year old: 3.00

1-2yo: 2.50

2-3yo: 2.00

anisometropia:
up to 1 year: +2.50
1-2 year: +2.00
2-3 year: +2.oo

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4
Q

when do kids see 20/20?

A

20/20 - by 3-5 year old - Snellen

with preferential viewing -

VEP - 6-7 months

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5
Q

when do kids develop contrast sensitivity?

A

Reaches adult-like levels for low frequency attenuation at about 2-4 months

and is completely developed by 3-5 years

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6
Q

Blink response to visual threats age develops

A

This begins at 2 months of age

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7
Q

color vision development:

A
  • Newborns have the ability to notice color but cannot distinguish red, green, or
    yellow
  • 2 months infants are able to distinguish red-green
  • 3 months they can recognize similar hues within color groups;
  • adult-like levels by 3 years of age
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8
Q

Pupil responses development

A
  • pupils are sluggish in newborns
  • well-developed by 1 month
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9
Q

Accommodation development

A
  • A newborn’s accommodation is accurate for about 30cm
    • a lag of accommodation of
      about +0.75 D occurs by about 4 months of age
  • well-developed and accurate for further distances by 6 months
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10
Q

Stereopsis development

A
  • Newborns do not have any stereopsis ability
  • emerges at 4 months
  • well-developed by 6 months
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11
Q

NPC development

A

Newborns can converge up to 10 cm; this improves to the ability to converge to the nose by 6 months

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11
Q

Fixation/follow a moving target development

A

response begins to emerge at 4 months of age

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12
Q

Binocular alignment development

A

Alignment typically occurs by 1 month of age and reaches adult-like levels of angle lambda at 18 months

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12
Q

Acuity (using visual evoked potential VEP)

A

Newborn: 20/400

1 month: 20/200

2-4 months: 20/80

6-12 months: 20/20

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13
Q

Acuity (using preferential looking)

A

Newborn: 20/400 to 20/1200

1 month: 20/300 to 20/1200

2-4 months 20/150 to 20/600

6-12 months:20/50 to 20/200

18 months: 20/40 to 20/100

24 months: 20/30 to 20/80

3 years: 20/20

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14
Q

Optokinetic response development

A

This will be asymmetric (T-N and N-T response) for the first 4 months and becomes a symmetric response at 6 months of age

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15
Q

pursuits development

A

Emerge at about 2-4 months of age

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16
Q

saccades development

A

Horizontal saccades are present in newborns; vertical saccades begin at 2 months

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17
Q

Fixation development

A

newborn is able to fixate on a person’s face

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18
Q

AOA when should kids be examined?

A

asymptomatic children be examined at 6 months of age

3 years

before entering 1st grade

every 2 years thereafter.

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19
Q

how to properly cyclo kids?

A

1 gtt 0.50% cyclopentolate OU instilled - for 1 year old or under

1% for older

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20
Q

when is cyclo contraindicated

A

Cyclopentolate may also be avoided in children with Down syndrome, cerebral palsy, trisomy 13 and 18, and other central nervous system disorders because of a possible increased reaction

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21
Q

psychosocial stages

A
  • . Age: infancy (birth to 18 months):
    tust vs mistrust
    oral-sensory
  • Age: early childhood (2-3 years)
    muscular-anal
    Autonomy vs. Shame
  • Age: pre-school (3-5 years)
    Initiative vs. Guilt (Purpose)
    locomotor-genital
  • school age (6-11 years)
    Industry vs. Inferiority
    latency
  • adolescence (12-18 years)
    Identity vs. Role Confusion (Fidelity)
    fidelity
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22
Q

lower motor neuron defect vs central lesion

A
  • Facial paralysis due to an upper motor neuron (central lesion) will cause weakness or paralysis of the contra lower facial musculature only
    May be due to space occupying lesion or CVA
  • Bell’s palsy is due to a lower motor neuron (peripheral) lesion, in which both ipsi upper and lower facial weakness occurs.
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23
Q

what is the primary complication in a patient diagnosed with Bell’s palsy or any 7th nerve palsy?

A

corneal exposure

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24
Q

treatment of Bell’s palsy

A
  • monitor
  • but steroids none to help if started within 72 hours
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25
Q

what is Ramsay-hunt syndrome?

A

HZV lesions on face , neck + (peripheral facial palsy/Bell’s palsy)

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26
Q

what is this ?

A

Actinic keratosis is a precursor to squamous cell carcinoma; it appears as scaly, dry skin that does not heal.

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27
Q

Which of the following signs is considered essentially pathognomonic for psoriasis?

A

oil drop sign - involvement of the nail bed
onycholysis - separation of the nail bed from the nail plate

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28
Q
A

Auspitz’s sign - scale is removed in psoriasis from the skin and pinpoint

29
Q

Babinski reflex

A

Stroking of the underside of the foot causes the toes to fan out with dorsiflexion of he big toe.
- should be gone by age to or means cortical spinal damage

30
Q

belpharitis medication contraindicated in those with sulfur allergy?

A

Blephamide® is a combination of sulfacetamide and prednisolone.

31
Q

what type of astigmatism increases the progression of myopia?

A

ATR

32
Q

normal myopia progression rate

A
  • 0.3 to 0.5 diopters per year in childhood
  • decreases/stops in teen years
33
Q

amiodarone used for? SE and tx of SE

A

use: anti-arthymia

SE: bilateral yellow/brown/ powdery epithelial deposits
- Inf central
- swirl out, but do not affect limbus
- do not affect VA
- if stop drug will go away
= corneal verticillata

34
Q

what meds cause corneal verticillata ?

A

chloroquine
hydroxycholorqine
indomethacin

amiodarone
atovaquone
chlorpromazine
tamoxifen

35
Q

what is fabry’s disease signs?

A

corneal verticillata
lens opacities
conj anurysm
edema of ON, macula, retina
optic atrophy

36
Q
A

corneal verticillata

37
Q

what are other names for Cornea verticillata ?

A

vortex keratopathy
whorl keratopathy,
Fleischer vortex

38
Q

primary congenital glaucoma triad + signs + prognosis + who

A

males
bi> uni

triad:
photophobia
epiphora
blepharospasm

other signs:
cloudy cornea.

large - globes and corneas , myopia, higher IOP, cupping, hypoplasia of iris stroma

if progresses and not treated -> IOP stretching eye -> buphthalmos
treatment - glaucoma surgery-> post sx c/d should return to normal 0.3 or less

39
Q

megalocornea

A

bilateral
diameter > 13
everything else is normal , cornea clear

40
Q

what layer does forceps injury affect?

A

descemets

41
Q

Haab’s straie

A

in descemets
in glaucoma

42
Q

Apgar score

A

appearance - color
pulse - Heart rate
grimace - reflex
activity - muscle tone
respiration

scale is 0-2 for each section, then add together

10 - baby is in best possible condition
8-9 good
4-7 fair
0-3 poor

43
Q

retinoschisis

A
  • usually bilateral
  • absolute VF defect
44
Q

Berlin’s edema

A

commotio retinae at macula

45
Q
A

comottio retinae

46
Q
A

WsP

47
Q

WsP location

A

IT

48
Q

WsP complication

A

increases chances of RD

49
Q
A

valsalva

50
Q

terson’s retinopathy

A

hemmorhaging because of high ICP -> increased IOP-> compression of the CRV

51
Q

valsalva

A
52
Q

ssri

A

inhibit reuptake of serotonin

53
Q

what age do you get lebers? inheritance?

A

teen- 20s
mitochondrial

54
Q
A

to calculate power of bioptic do can/want

55
Q
A

can/want * 1/ wd(in m) = power of stand lamp

56
Q

converting m to snellen

A

snellen / 50

ex. 20/100 -> 100/50 = 2 M

m-> snellen
m * 50

57
Q

converting 10/200 to 20/x

A

what makes 10 -> 20

multiply denominator by same

58
Q
A
59
Q

what is it? who?

A

epiblepharon

individuals of asian decent or fat people because no LL crease. -> lashes are vertical and can scratch cornea

  • seen in graves
60
Q

JND, what are starting trial lenses

A

JND: just move snellen acuity 2 decimals

trial lenses: dived JND by 2

61
Q
A

Just find JND

62
Q
A
62
Q

when do you treat for ERM?

A

VA 20/40 or worse
+ symptomatic

tx - membrane peel + vitrectomy

may not get back to normal VA

63
Q

flomax

A

treats benign prostatic hyperplasia

A-antagonist

floppy iris syndrome
miosis/ poor dilation

stopping med will not fix SE, recommend to do cataract surgery before stating med

64
Q

if 1 eye + OR and other eye is -OR

A

lenses switched

65
Q

diagnosing DM

A

fasting blood sugar 126 or more

A1c 6.5 or higher

2 hour post prandial glucose 200 or more

66
Q

in amblyopia how should yo show the patient the letters?

A

5-6 snellen letters in a line

or

isolated letter with crowded bars

67
Q
A
68
Q

Dacryocystitis treatment

A
  • if not sick systemically:
    Oral keflex, augmentin, warm compress
  • sick - hospitalize + iv antibiotics

-chronic : dacryocystorhinostomy

69
Q

preseptal cellulitis treatment

A
  • Augmentin if not sick
  • sick/difficulty with compliance - hospital
70
Q

When do you follow up for hordeolum?

A

F/u not needed unless lesion doesn’t heal

71
Q

Kenalog injection SE

A

Pain
Temp skin atrophy
Subcutaneous white deposit
De pigmentation of injection site
Retinal and choroidal occlusion
Increased IOP

72
Q

Photocoagulation complications

A

Choroidal detachment -> angle closure glaucoma

RRD
CME
Macular pucker
Exudative RD

73
Q

Cryotherapy complications

A

Eyelid edema - 100%
Chemosis - 100%
Transient diplopia if accidentally do the eom
Vitrits

NBEO step 2 (3 decks)

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