OPTOM 216B Flashcards
What is a slit lamp
It is a telemicroscope that is Derived from a simple microscope with a large objective lens and low power
What does the large objective lens and low power do
Gathers more light
What does a slit lamp do
For anterior eye exams using magnification and illumination to see details in transparent and internal structures
What is a slit lamp made of
Microscope and a Galilean telescope
What does the telescope do
Allow variation in magnification
Is the slit lamp telescope afocal?
Yes
How do we solve the afocal problem
Adding a positive lens
What is the effect of the positive lens
It reversed and inverts the image
How do we fix this reversal and inversion of the image
Using 2 vertical and 2 Horizontal pro-prisms
What are the characteristics of Porro-prisms
Has 4 45 degree reflecting surfaces
Name the two types of slit lamps and their characteristics
Haag-Streit and Zeiss
Haag-Striet has light from above, can also attach accessories and decouple
Zeiss has light from below
Characteristic of Slit Lamps
The Light and optical system are focussed at the same point above the centre of rotation
Preparations for the SLE
SL has bright lights and have things close to their eyes so turn off lights when not using or aim light away from eye
Sound certain and check the SL operation, focus eye piece and set PD when px comes in
What is an important step during the SLE
Pull back base and lock it when not using to prevernt contact with the px
2 techniques for SL
Direct and Indirect illumination
What is direct
Light shone directlyh onto observed object
What is indirect
Light reflects from a surface in the eye to the object being observed
How is indirect done
Decoupled
Direct techniques
Diffuse, Parallelpiped, Optic section, Specular reflection and Tyndall cone
Diffuse
uniform illumination but no info on the object
Parallelpiped
0.5mm beam for depth, size and position. Cornea is 0,5mm so this gives true thickness
Optic section
Narrow beam from an angle, used with high magnification
Specular reflection
Material dependent, reflection is seen if the surface is uneven
IN the cornea this corneal endothelium is the site of reflection.
Done with parallelpiped and high magnification
Specular reflection on anterior lens
focus on iris and slowly push in until orange reflex seen
Tyndall effect
Narrow beam through the AH, the effect is seen if there are debris in the AH
Uses 2x2mm beam within the pupil from an angle. Can use NaFl to see convection current is AH has cells
What do cells in the AH indicate
Inflammation
What is always on during SL
IR filter
What does the ND filter do in SL
Reduces transmission of all wavelengths which can dim bright light
What does Red-free illumination do
More blue to light up the eye making vessels appear more black
What can we use Red-Free illumination for
Used to identify between similar but difference conditions.
Can be used both posterior and anterior eye
What are dyes used for
Check for abnormalities in the eye when the eye looks normal in normal lighting
How does the fluorescence occur
An absorbed photon at a wavelength that is spontaenously emitted at a different wavelength. The energy level goes back to its ground state
What is NaFl used for
intraocular injuries, corneal injuries, contact lens fitting and lacrimal drainage tests
What light gives max excitation to NaFl
Blue light
Characteristics of NaFl
Water soluble so it is broken up in the corneal epithelium, It easily washes away with tears, The brightness is proportional to the tear film thickness
What filter is used to ensure more brightness of the NaFl
Blue cobalt filter
How to make NaFl more visible
Use yellow wratten filter over the objective lens
Why are potholes in the cornea easier to see with NaFl
Dye more concentrated in the cracks
Rose Bengal
Stains cells not protected by tear film pink and shows the dead cells.
Dye is toxic and stings on application
Lissamine Green
Stains both dead and dying cells green
Sting is miminised by still toxic. The dye is seen easier with red barrier filter
Where to apply Lissamine Green
for conjunctival staining where NaFl cant get to easily
what is Lid Wiper Epitheliopathy
Disruption of surface epithelium of marginal conjuctiva of both upper and lower eye lids
What stains are used to view LWE
Both NaFl and Lissamine Green
What does the VH technique do
Gives the anterior chamber angle and corneal thickness as a ratio
Use to screen before dilation
What is the gold standard to view the angle
Gonioscopy
The angle closure grade scale
Angle closure = Ratio of 0
Angle closer likely = Grade 1 and less than 0.25 ratio
Narrow angle = Grade 2 and 0.25-0.50 ratio
Open angle = Grade 3 = 0.5-1 ratio
Grade 4 of ratio 1 is normal
Set up for Van Hericks
Narrow White light at 10-16x mag of 60 degree illumination
Light should be perpendicular to the corneal limbus
Errors in VH
Incorrect setup and Not all corneas have constant thickness
Corneal Zones
Central zone = 3mm from fixation point for HD vision
Paracentral Zone = 3-4mm wide, flattens progressively
Pericentral Zone = 3-4mm wide and is flatter here
Limbal zone = smallest zone about 1mm thick, this is where the limbus is where cornea turns into sclera
What corneal zones is the contact lens fit based on
Central and Paracentral Zone
What is Corneal topography
Non-invasive, Non-contact method to give shape of cornea using reflection principle.
1st purkinje image gives radius of curvature of cornea and converted to dioptric power using the standard keratometric index of 1.3375
When does the keratometric index work
In normal corneas and less accurate in distorted corneas
What is the reflection principle
Relation between image and object size gives radius of curvature of the cornea
What is Keratometry
Uses topography principle but is an ellipitcal image is formed then astigmatism exists
What does Keratometry assume
This is accurate and reproducible in normal cornea as it assumes perfect cylindrical surface
What information does Keratometry provide
Power and Curvature of the central cornea and not the periphery
What does optical doubling do
Counter eye movements by duplication images where the distance between the images is the amount of astigmatism
Two types of Keratometers
Javal Shiotz and the Bausch and Lomb
Javal Shiotz Keratometer
Px in machine and images are random and blurry. Images adjusted until middle of view, we line up the images to get axis power and this is repeated for the other axis
DIfference in power is the amount of astigmatism
Bausch and Lomb
Objects are fixed and images are adjusted by us. Object is centred until clear, the circles are adjusted where minus lines up and positives overlap giving power of both axis
BL does not need to rotate to find other axis
What is Keratoscopy
Uses Placido discs as objects, it covers more area on the cornea and extends to more meridians
What is photokeratoscopy
Uses 12 rings, covers 70% cornea and image is taken and compared to standard images
Accurate but time consuming
Video Keratoscopy
More rings and covers 95% cornea.
Too many rings in periphery causing ring jam
How to solve ring jam
Use coloured rings
How to increase contrast in rings
Use black and white rings
What does a stretched horizontal plane mean
Against the rule astigmatism
What does distorted rings indicate
Astigmatism
What is Corneal tomography
Cross-section of cornea showing both posterior and anterior surface. It uses 2D images to give a 3D corneal construction
Measurements using height is more accurate than slope. This is good as it does not need the refractive index to get corneal radius
Advantage of Corneal tomography
Power of posterior and anterior cornea is also given
What principle does Corneal Tomography use
Projection principle where image is viewed on the cornea instead of the reflection
Slit Scanning technique
Projection based, slit images projected across the cornea.
40 slits projected at 45 degrees, 20 left and 20 right. Slits overlap in central 5mm on cornea
Uses ray tracing to give 3D construction. But also time consuming
Scheimpflug principle
Image plane manipulated from top to bottom
Flaring occurs in periphery so information here is bad
How does the scheimplug camera capture information
Rotating the camera gives 3D construction.
SIngle camera system gives 50 meridians of 12500-2500 data points.
Dual camera system opposite to each other gives 122000 data points
Advantage of dual camera system
Minimises decentration error
What is OCT
Is a low coherence interferometry using light to image
Delay and intensity of IR wave gives 3D construction from depth information
What can the scans mentioned before do
Used for keratoconus, monitor disease progression and treatment.
Look at corneal ectasias like pellucid degeneration and Keratoconus
Also used before and after LASIK and for CL fitting
What is digital retinal photography
Uses camera with low power microscope
This is objective and Non-ambiguous
What is digital retinal photography used for
Monitor disease and treatment as for patient education
Traditional fundus camera
Uses white light to image fundus and needs dilation
Standard image is 30-50 degrees and 75 degrees for the periphery
Overlapping images can make montages but cataracts can decrease image quality
What is a Non-Mydriatic camera
Uses IR to focus image and a flash of white light to capture the fundus
Why is IR used
Invisible to px and does not need pupil dilation and does not produce LCA
Wide and Ultrawide field designs
Scanning laser ophthalmoscopy, Contact camera system and trans-scleral illumination
Pupil dilation depends on model used
Drawback of wider field imaging
Image distortion and flase colour representation
RetCam
Handheld contact wide field imaging system for babies
Needs dilation and has interchaneable lens for magnification and contrast
Requires topical anesthetic and coupling gel
Panorent camera
Wide field imaging, no dilation needed, light is separated from camera and gives 130 degree coverage
Needs topical anaesthetic and not commerically available due to eye injury risks
CLARUS by Zeiss
Latest non-contact ultrawide imaging system of 133 degrees for single image, 200 degrees ultrawide with 2 images and 267 degrees using 6 image montage
No dilation, uses RGB LEDs and IR laser to focus
Gives true to colour photos if white light used
Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscopy
Uses one or multiple coloured lasers, Non-contact ultrawide imaging system for 200 degrees single image, or 220 degrees for montage
No dilation needed and produced an optomap
What is an optomap
A dual wavelength of green and red, different colour images different layers of the retina.
Images can be photographed separately or merged together producing pseudocoloured images
What layer does Green laser target
Retina to the RPE
What layer does Red laser target
RPE to Choroid
What can IR image
Deeper layers to see choroid structures and it is a longer wavelength
What is stereoimaging
Fusing of 2 images of different angles giving 3D image to see any elevation and depression in the retina
Done sequentially and simultaneously
Simultaneous stereoimaging
Uses 2 cameras or a single camera with a double lens
Sequential stereoimaging
Single camera taking 2 different photos
How is fusing done in stereoimaging
Done by stereo viewing or free viewing technique
Fluorescien angiography
Uses fundus camera and invasive diagnostic procedure. NaFl injected to see retinal circulation and the BRB integrity
Blue excitation filter and a yellow-green barrier filter used.
Timelapse of NaFl done to see NaFl flow, can see hypo and hyperfluorescence
ICG angiography
Uses Indoctanine green, for choroidal circulation and administered with NaFl, also timelapsed after injection.
Uses Near IR excitation filter and a Near IR barrier filter.
Also gives hypo and hyperfluorescence
Funus Autofluorescence
Another angiography without use of dye, It detects flurophores when assessing RPE
Flurophore is A2-E compound in RPE lipofuscin
Uses Blue excitation filter and a yellow-green barrier filter
Timelapse not needed, image is taken to see fluorescence level there hyperfluorescence means lots of lipofuscin
What is OCT
Non-invasive and Non-contact using IR and Near IR light interference that gives a high-resolution 3D image
Uses ultrasound principle where visuals of tissue structure is seen wihtout histology
OCT principles
Uses low coherence interferometry, uses superposition of light beams where the IR light source is split into two paths, the reference and sample arm
Reflected beam gives interference pattern and time delay and intensity information is measured in the sample beam
How is OCT image construction done
A, B and C scans
A scans
1D depth
B scans
2D slice using Multiple A scans
C scans
3D data volume from multiple B scans
Time-Domain OCT
1st generation OCT using A scans collected over time by moving a reference mirror
Fourier Domain OCT
2nd Gen OCT and A-scans are simultaneously acquired, interference patterns record 45-100x faster with better sensitivity
Spectral domain OCT
1st variant of FD OCT and interference pattern is deconstructed giving spectral information
Detector is replaced with a spectrometer using a diffraction grating and a line scan camera. A scans here are computed via Fourier Transform
Swept Source OCT
2nd variant of FD OCT, uses visible light source that is decontructed giving spectral information, a laser is used here and A scans are computed via the Fourier transform
OCT application
Retina diagnosis, Management, Disease/treatment monitoring and give early intervention
ALso used for glaucoma diagnosis and management as it detects RGC loss
OCT pros and cons compared to FFA and ICG-A
Non-Invasive and used for diagnostic and management. But training is needed for analysis and has small FoV so motion artefacts can hinder quality
What is Ultrasonography
Old, most common and well known.
It collects echoes of high frequency sound waves forming an image via ultrasound
How does ultrasound work
Uses transducer with piezoelectric crystals converting electrical to mechanical energy but also required a gel medium
Image made from A and B scans. A scans for measurement and B scans for diagnosis
B scans are greyscale