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Bio > Option Module: Neurobiology and Behavior > Flashcards

Option Module: Neurobiology and Behavior Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Neocortex

A
  • most advanced part of the brain
  • large in intelligent animals- dolphins, primates
  • takes up 2/3 of human brain
  • develop language, abstract thought, consciousness, imagination
  • two hemispheres- left and right
  • right side controls left side of body. Left side controls right side of body
  • right: concerted with artistic, spatial, musical thoughts
  • left- concerned with linear, rational, verbal aspects
  • part of the cerebral cortex
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2
Q

Embryogenesis

A

development of fertilized egg to fully developed organism

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3
Q

3 layers of embryonic tissues

A
  • ectoderm- outer layer, becomes brain, nerve, tissue
  • mesoderm- middle, becomes skeletal, reproductive, muscle,
  • endoderm- inner layer, becomes gut
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4
Q

Process of neural tube formation

A
  • neural tube will eventually become the brain and spinal cord
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5
Q

What is neurulation?

A

the transformation of the neural plate into the neural tube, which marks the beginning of the formation of the central nervous system
- occurs in the 3rd week of embryonic development

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6
Q

Explain the process of neurulation.

A
  • neural plate forms become elevated and form neural folds
  • neural folds fuse together, and form neural tube
  • during fusion, cells on crest of neural tube detach, forming the neural crest (forms peripheral nervous system)
  • if fusion does not occur by day 27, result is spina bifida
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7
Q

When does spina bifida occur?

A

when the neural folds don’t fuse to form neural tube by day 27

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8
Q

What does the neural tube hold?

A

neurons of the central nervous system (carry messages)

glial cells- don’t carry messages in brain

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9
Q

Explain the process of neurogenesis

A
  • differentiation from neuroblast to neurone

- neuroblasts- immature cells that become neurons

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10
Q

What is neurogenesis?

A

development of a neuroblast to a neuron

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11
Q

What are glial cells?

A
  • originate in neural tube
  • physical and nutritional support of neuron
  • provide scaffolding network where immature neurons and nerve cells can migrate along
  • ex Schwann cells, provide insulation
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12
Q

Axon Growth

A
  • growth cone on tip of axon directs direction of axon growth
  • when axon contacts unfavorable surface, it contracts. In favorable surface, it continues to grow
  • grow 1 mm/ day
  • when neurons reach final location, they make synaptic connections with target cells
  • target cells secrete cell adhesion molecule (CAM), which bind to CAM receptors on growth cone of axon. Axon elongates in that direction.
  • Target cells can secrete chemotrophic factors into the extracellular environement that growth cone detects. Chemoattractive (stimulate elongation) v Chemorepellent (repel axon)
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13
Q

What makes motor neurons different from others?

A
  • they extend their axons out of the CNA (brain and spinal chord)
  • gives mammal ability to control voluntary muscular movement
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14
Q

Explain the topic of multiple synapses.

A
  • each neuron will attempt to synapse with adjacent neurons
  • if synapses are unused, they gradually retreat
  • learning new information– making new connections between axons
  • CAM molecule, immunoglobin, helps axons bond with other axons
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15
Q

Neural Pruning

A
  • removal of simple connections and replacing them with more complex wiring made in adulthood
  • eliminating axons that aren’t being used
  • improved of brain efficiency
  • microglia, type of glial cell, prunes synapses
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16
Q

Neural Plasticity

A
  • influenced by age, environment, heredity
    1. functional- ability of brain to move functions from damaged area to undamaged
    2. structural- ability of brain to change physical structure as a result of learning
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17
Q

2 types of neural plasticity

A

functional- ex tennis player paralyzed left arm. Eventually arm will work because functions transferred to healthy region of brain

structural- london taxi drivers have larger hippocampus

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18
Q

Neural Plasticity during stroke

A
  • functional and structural brain reorganization occurs during recovery
  • new connections between axons
  • neurogenesis
  • differentiation of immature glial cells
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19
Q

5 things to label in brain diagram

A
  1. cerebral hemisphere
  2. hypothalamus
  3. cerebellum
  4. Medulla oblongata
  5. Pituitary gland
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20
Q

Function of cerebral hemispheres

A

integrating center for complex functions: learning, memory, emotion, intelligence, motor function

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21
Q

Function of hypothalamus

A

maintains homeostasis, controls pituitary gland

monitors and controls: circadian rhythms (daily sleep/wake cycle), homeostasis, appetite and thirst, other bodily urges

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22
Q

Function of Cerebellum

A
  • 2 hemispheres with a highly folded surface

- coordinates unconscious functions- movement and balance

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23
Q

Function of Medulla Oblongata

A

controls automatic and homeostatic activities: swallowing, digestion, vomiting, breathing, heart activity

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24
Q

Function of Pituitary Gland

A

controlled by hypothalamus

secrete hormones

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25
Q

What is fMRI

A
  • functional magnetic resonance imaging

- show us active parts of brain by seeing blood flow in the brain

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26
Q

What is the corpus callosum?

A

thick band of axons connecting right and left hemispheres of brain
- white matter

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27
Q

Functions of left hemisphere

A

areas important for forms of communication

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28
Q

Functions of right hemisphere

A

receives and analyzes information comes from all senses

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29
Q

PET scanner

A
  • position emission tomography scanner

- identify areas of brain activated by neurotransmitters and drugs

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30
Q

What is a lesion?

A

area of damage or tissue death causing functions to be impaired

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31
Q

Limbic System

A
  • “emotional brain” or “old mammalian brain”
  • emotions and memories combine to mark behaviors as positive or negative
  • unconscious value judgments made
  • role in salience (what grabs your attention), spontaneity, creativity
32
Q

Parts of the Hindbrain

A
  • oldest part of human brain (evolutionary)

- in charge of primal instincts and basic functions. Instincts of survival, dominance, mating, respiration

33
Q

What symptoms will someone have when they’re addicted to a substance?

A
  • want more and more
  • spend lots of time and energy getting substance
  • withdrawal symptoms
  • return to substance when stressed
34
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

includes parasympathetic system and sympathetic system

35
Q

Sympathetic system

A
  • important in an emergency
  • “flight or fight”- increase heart rate, dilate bronchi and pupils, restrict blood flow to digestive system
  • noradrenaline neurotransmitter
  • excitatory
36
Q

Parasympathetic system

A
  • important in returning to normal
  • response is to relax- decrease heart rate, constrict bronchi and pupil, blood flow to digestive system
  • acetylcholine neurotransmitter
  • inhibitory
37
Q

What is the pupil reflex?

A
  • type of cranial reflex- no connection to spinal chord
38
Q

Brain Death definition and diagnosis

A
  • brain and brainstem have irreversibly lost all neurological function
  • movement of extremities- arms or legs
  • eye movement-eyes must remain fixed, showing lack of brain- to motor nerve reflex
  • corneal reflex- eye doesn’t blink when swabbed
  • pupil reflex- no constriction when light shone on eyes
  • gag reflex- tube down throat to test
  • breathing response
  • do EEG test- measures brain activity
  • do CBF test- measures blood flow
39
Q

What does life support regulate?

A
  • body temperature
  • fluid retention
  • blood pressure
40
Q

What tests confirm brain death?

A

EEG and CBF

41
Q

Pupil reflex

A
  • circular muscle contracts and radial muscle relaxed- pupil gets smaller/ parasympathetic
  • circular muscle relaxes and radial muscle contract- pupil gets bigger/ sympathetic
42
Q

Parasympathetic control of iris

A
  • optic nerve receives message from retina.
  • Photoreceptors synapse with bipolar neurons and ganglion cells
  • electrical signals sent to pretectal nucleus of the brainstem
  • signal sent to Edinger-Westphal nucleus (axons that run back to the eye)
  • oculomotor nerves synapse on ciliary ganglion
  • axons of ciliary ganglion stimulate circular muscle to contract
43
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A
  • largest part of mature brain
  • left and right hemisphere
  • thin layer of grey matter that covers the cerebral hemisphere
  • language, visual processing, motor movement, complex thought
  • made u of unmyelinated neurones
44
Q

Relationship between right and left cerebral hemisphere

A
  • left CH controls muscle contraction in right side of body and vice versa
45
Q

Neuron metabolism

A
  • glucose is primary energy source
  • delivered in blood
  • used up rapidly during mental activity
46
Q

Mechanoreceptors

A

sense mechanical deformation

- ex pressure receptors detect change in blood pressure in arteries

47
Q

Chemoreceptors

A
  • respond to chemical substances

- chemoreceptors in blood vessels monitor pH changes

48
Q

Thermoreceptors

A
  • respond to change in temperature

- cold thermoreceptors on skin respond when temperature drops

49
Q

Photoreceptors

A
  • respond to light energy, found in eyes

- rod cells respond to dim light. Cone cells respond to bright light

50
Q

What are bipolar neurones

A

cells in the retina that carry impulses from a rod or cone cell to the ganglion cell of the optic nerve

51
Q

Rod Cells

A
  • absorb all wavelengths of visible light
  • present in retina, none in fovea
  • connected in groups to single bipolar neuron
  • function well in dim light and are more sensitive to light (scotopic vision)
  • achromatic color
52
Q

Cone Cells

A
  • absorb red, blue, green light
  • many in fovea
  • connected to individual neuron
  • less sensitive to light and function well in bright light (photopic vision)
  • chromatic color
53
Q

How do we see?

A
  • light rays pass through pupil, focused on retina
  • photoreceptors send impulses to bipolar cells then to ganglion cells in optic nerve
  • optic nerve sends signal to visual cortex- where it is processed and image is inverted
54
Q

How do we hear?

A
  • the inner ear (malleus, incus, stapes) receive vibrations from the tympanic membrane.
  • vibration passed to the fluid in the cochlea
  • fluid in the cochlea causes hair cells to vibrate
  • when sterocilia on hair cells bend, produces an electrical impulse that is carried to the auditory nerve
  • travels to brain
55
Q

Explain blackcaps study

A
  • collected and raised blackcaps- migrate to UK or Spain
  • recorded migration
  • followed migration patterns of parents
  • so it’s genetic
56
Q

Innate behavior

A
  • independent of environmental context
  • controlled by genes
  • inherited
  • developed by natural selection
  • increases chance of survival and reproduction
57
Q

Learned Behavior

A
  • dependent on environmental context
  • not controlled by genes
  • not inherited
  • developed in response to environmental stimuli
  • may/may not increase chance of survival
58
Q

What is taxis?

A
  • movement in response to stimulus
  • positive- moving towards light
  • negative- moving away from light
  • ex- phototaxis, chemotaxis, gravitaxis
59
Q

What is kinesis?

A
  • movement in response to non-directional stimulus
  • not moving away or towards
  • orthokinesis (changes speed) or klinokinesis (turns constantly)
60
Q

Pain Reflex

A
  • pain receptors receive stimulus and generate nerve impulse in the sensory neurons
  • sensory neurons carry impulse toward spinal cord
  • sensory neuron axon enters spinal cord and sends chemical message across synapse to relay neuron
  • relay neuron synapses with motor neuron
  • motor neuron carries impulse to effector (organ that performs the response)
61
Q

Explain Pavlov’s experiment

A 
UCS- food
UCR- salivation
NS- ringing of bell
After training:
CS- ringing bell
CR- dogs salivating when hearing bell
62
Q

Birdsong learning phases

A
  1. Memorization
    - born with crude template that is specific to species
    - first 100 days- bird will modify inherited template based on songs he’s heard
  2. Motor phase
    - bird practices singing the song
    - shapes song to match what he’s heard
    - sings copy of song heard
63
Q

Cholinergic Synapses

A
  • stimulate skeletal muscle
  • Acetylcholyn
  • signals cause relaxation- parasympathetic system
  • Acetylcholinesterase breaks down Acl in synapse preventing it from being permanently bound to Na+ receptor
64
Q

Adrenergic Synapses

A
  • causes fight/flight response
  • sympathetic system
  • ex- cocaine and amphetamines
  • depolarizes postsynaptic neuron
  • Noradrenaline neurotransmitter
65
Q

Some effects of drugs on the brain

A
  • block receptors at post-synaptic membrane
  • block release of neurotransmitter
  • enhance release of neurotransmitter
  • block removal of neurotransmitter
66
Q

LSD effects

A
  • chemically resembles serotonin and binds to serotonin receptors
67
Q

Heroin

A
  • mimics natural opiates and binds to opiate receptors, turning off dopamine inhibition
  • dopamine floods synapse, producing immediate feelings of sedation
68
Q

Cocaine

A
  • blocks removal of dopamine from synaptic cleft

- dopamine binds again and again and overstimulates cell

69
Q

Marijuana

A
  • THC mimics anandamide and binds to cannabinoid receptors

- dopamine flood synapse

70
Q

Meth

A
  • mimics dopamine and taken into cell by dopamine transporter
  • meth enters dopamine vesicles in presynaptic knob, forcing dopamine molecules out
  • dopamine leaves cell and is trapped in cleft, binds to receptors, overstimulating cell
71
Q

Alcohol

A
  • interacts with GABA receptors to make them more inhibitory

- binds to glutamate receptors, preventing excitement of cell

72
Q

Ecstacy

A
  • mimic serotonin and taken up by serotonin receptors
  • serotonin transporters work in reverse, remove serotonin from cell
  • serotonin trapped in cleft, binds to receptors, overstimulating cell
73
Q

What is addiction and effects?

A

body develops tolerance and needs more substance to produce same results- desensitivization

  • withdrawal: depression, craving state of euphoria
  • alcohol withdrawal: seizures, fatal, delirium
74
Q

Ethology v Psychology

A

Ethology

  • study of organisms behavior in natural conditions
  • field work

Psychology
- studies behavior in controlled conditions

75
Q

Altruistic Behavior

A
  • results in decrease of fitness of altruist and increase of fitness in close relative
  • more closely related, more likely to display
76
Q

Altruistic Behavior Squirrel

A
  • geldings ground squirrel
  • if predator approaches, high pitched call alerts the rest
  • alarm squirrel more likely to be killed
  • if close relatives dead, F doesn’t sound alarm
77
Q

Altruistic Behavior Bat

A
  • vampire bat
  • die if no food for 2 days in row
  • if bat fails to find food, another in cluster (small group) will regurgitate
  • ex of reciprocal altruism
  • survival for both bats increased

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