option d - medicines and drugs

Question 1

effects of drugs and medicines on bodies

Answer 1

1. alter physiological state
2. alter incoming sensory sensations
3. alters mood or emotions

Question 2

medicine vs drugs

Answer 2

medicines alleviate symptoms by supplementing natural healing processes, drugs target enzymes to bring about change in biological functions

Question 3

therapeutic level

Answer 3

the beneficial effect of a medicine

Question 4

line of defense definition and example

Answer 4

mechanisms employed by the body to protect itself against foreign pathogens, such as the skin

Question 5

placebo effect definition

Answer 5

beneficial effect produced by a treatment which cannot be attributed to the treatment, but to the patient’s belief in the treatment

Question 6

types of injection

Answer 6

intravenous, subcutaneous intramuscular

Question 7

methods of drug administration

Answer 7

oral, suppository/rectal, inhalation, skin patches

Question 8

limitations to oral drugs

Answer 8

inability to swallow in unconscious, pediatric, and geriatric patients, and longer time to take effect

Question 9

bioavailability definition

Answer 9

the fraction of an administrated dose that reaches the target part of the body

Question 10

factors impacting bioavailability

Answer 10

solubility in water, solubility in lipids, functional groups

Question 11

first-pass effect

Answer 11

when oral drugs reach the liver they are metabolised and their bioavailability reduced to 4x less than intravenous

Question 12

advantage of water soluble drugs

Answer 12

can circulate in aqueous solutions in blood

Question 13

advantages of lipid soluble drugs

Answer 13

can pass through membrane

Question 14

functional group impact on bioavailability

Answer 14

ionised forms of carboxyls and amines are more soluble in aqueous solutions

Question 15

therapeutic effect vs side effect

Answer 15

therapeutic is intended impact, side is unintended

Question 16

examples of side effects

Answer 16

positive - aspirin prevents heart disease
benign - nausea
negative - organ damage and mutagenic properties

Question 17

danger of tolerance

Answer 17

although tolerance can increase, lethal dose may not so patient may approach dose that can poison them

Question 18

causes of tolerance

Answer 18

• more efficient metabolism of drugs
• drug receptors become less effective

Question 19

dosing regime definition

Answer 19

a plan that outlines the dose, duration, timing, frequency of a drug

Question 20

factors that can impact dosage of drug

Answer 20

• sex
• weight

Question 21

therapeutic window definition

Answer 21

range of concentration of a drug in the bloodstream that is high enough to have beneficial effects but not high enough to trigger unnacceptable side effects

Question 22

therapeutic index definitions

Answer 22

measure of a drug’s safety, high TI indicated large therapeutic window, calculated using LD50/ED50 in animals and TD50/ED50 in humans

Question 23

role of receptors in drug action

Answer 23

cells have receptors on their membranes that a drug binds to to inhibit biological activities which interrupts the development of a disease, better fitting drugs have higher activity

Question 24

bonds between drug and receptor

Answer 24

ionic, hudrogen, van der waals

Question 25

supramolecular complex definition

Answer 25

complex formed by two molecules through non-covalent interactions, such as between a drug and receptor

Question 26

stages of drug testing and development

Answer 26

• identify need and structure
• synthesis
• yield
• extraction

Question 27

rational drug design definition

Answer 27

• compounds with biological activity identified
• combinational chemistry used to produce large numbers of drugs
• high through-put screening tests a large number of drugs on a large number of targets
• animal and human testing occurs

Question 28

phases of human testing

Answer 28

I - small number of healthy volunteers to assess safety and dosage
II - larger number of patients for statistical testing of efficacy
III - very large number of patients, double blind experiments with 50% drug and 50% placebo

Question 29

mild analgesics impact

Answer 29

intercept pain stimulus at the source, such as by interfering with the production of substances that cause pain, swelling, or fevers, such as prostoglandins