Option 2: SPAAS

Question 1

(MPC)Where does Australia’s foundation in sport come from?

Answer 1

Colonial England- Victorian values

Question 2

(MPC) What is muscular Christianity?

Answer 2

The notion that sport developed the qualities mecessary to be a man (discipline, leadership, team spirit, loyalty, patriotism, morality) (CRICKET)

Question 3

(APS) What is amateur sport?

Answer 3

Term for someone who participates in sport without being paid

Question 4

(APS)What was the paradigm regarding amateur sport in the 19th century?

Answer 4

Amateur helped keep the social boundaries in place
Amateur sporting clubs controlled sports such as athletics. Due to the fact that lower class could not afford to join, they were not allowed to participate
Sports such as cricket and rugby were considered to be pastimes of the upper class

Question 5

(APS) What’s professional sport?

Answer 5

Players receive payment for playing a sport, or make it their livelihood

Question 6

(APS) Why was there a distinction between amateur and professional sport?

Answer 6

The purpose of classifying amateurs and professionals in this way is to effectively segregate the classes, keeping the working class away from the sporting and leisure activities of the upper and middle class
The modern day concept of professionalism was introduced to preserve sport for athletes who competed for pleasure and benefits rather than monetary prizes

Question 7

(WHPIS) Women’s participation- ideas about women

Answer 7

-Women in the Victorian era were expected to be pale, fragile and feminine in their characters and always to be sedentary
-Their ultimate role was to be motherly and decorative
Many said that sport was harmful to the female anatomy
-Domestic sphere
-There were many medical myths that discouraged women’s participation in high contact sports in particular, such as, the risk of infertility, deformities for unborn children, and fragility in bone structure.

Question 8

(WHPIS) Why weren’t women able to participate in sport?

Answer 8

Sexism
Sex-role socialisation
Stereotyping

Question 9

(WHPIS) Women’s increase in sports participation

Answer 9

Feminism
Greater Independence
More leisure time
Realisation of the benefits of sport and physical activity
Concept of equity

Question 10

(WHPIS) Examples of early sports played by women (athletes as well)

Answer 10

-Calisthenics, croquet, walking, horseriding, hockey, softball
-Fanny Durack swimmer 1912

Question 11

(WHPIS) What is a commodity?

Answer 11

A commodity is an item that can be sold for profit.

Question 12

(SAAC) What are the pros of the commodification of sport on athletes? (development of professional sport)

Answer 12

Cover the costs of training, travel, time away from work and accommodation
→Insurance against injuries
→Improve the standard of sport and improve its marketability, funding, better facilities, advancement in training, better and more exciting sport

Question 13

(SAAC) What has occurred as a result of sport being a big business?

Answer 13

-Elite sports people are brand reps
-New products and fashions (shoes etc)
-Teams have coaches, trainers, doctors, media etc
-High costs with stadiums and prices

Question 14

(SAAC) Advantages of sports sponsorship

Answer 14

Economic growth
Improved administration- increased money allows skilled workers
Athletes can compete internationally
-Prize money for female athletes might not be sufficient

Question 15

(SAAC) Disadvantages of sports sponsorship

Answer 15

Sports tend to be male therefore less female coverage and sponsorship
Inappropriate sponsorship eg tooheys, mcdonalds
Sponsorship and advertising means there is a large amount of pressure on athletes to perform consistently in order to maintain major sponsorship. included in elite contracts are paragraphs dedicated to athlete’s upholding the good name of the sponsor and poor behaviour may result in the removal of that sponsorship.

Question 16

(SAAC) How do athletes and advertising inter-relate?

Answer 16

Wearing clothing with the company logo
Using a particular brand of sunglasses or

Question 17

(SAAC) Cost of the olympics

Answer 17

-Estimated at 26 billion dollars, lots of money to build stadiums and facilities
-Cost of infrastructure
-Revenue and jobs created

Question 18

National identity through sporting achievements

Answer 18

-English were beaten in the first ashes victory- pride
-Success at the 1965 olypmics

Question 19

(MPC) Links with sport and patriotism

Answer 19

-Patriotism was seen through many sports including cricket and it soon became known as “The Gentleman’s Game”
The defence of the British Empire was considered
to be ‘man’s work’ and school sports such as rugby and cricket instilled the characteristics of courage,
determination, self-discipline and manliness. Women were also expected to aid in the defence of the British
Empire by supporting their husbands and travelling to wherever they were posted.

Question 20

(APS) What is the paradigm regarding amateur and professional sport today?

Answer 20

Amateur- No payments, not related to social class, up and coming athletes
Professional- Elite level, full time job, highly paid, salary based, includes endorsements

Question 21

(WHPIS) Women’s sport today- examples (comparison)

Answer 21

Sexism has continued to be an issue for women’s participation in sport. Today there are still women’s and men’s events in gymnastics.

Tayla Harris, AFLW superstar and her kick captured by the media sparked sexualised comments throughout social media. The media’s decision to remove the post created more controversy as the idea of not being supportive or removing the comments rather moving the entire image.

Females are now engaging in other forms of traditionally male domains associated with sport including commentating and hosting. Rugby League has seen a huge progression with female participation- NRLW competition, State of Origin, Jillaroos and working alongside immortal players for coverage and commentating.

Question 22

(SAAC) How has sport become professional and commodified?

Answer 22

-Our access to sport and viewing of sport has become easier as sport has become more professional. We now have apps on iPhones and dedicated TV channels that allow us to watch most major sporting events live and free.
-Rugby league channels- increased standards of the game, integrity unitys, judiciary boards, salary caps (more like business)
-Sport is now a full time career
-Signing contracts

Question 23

(SAAC) What must major events include for sports? (Olympics)

Answer 23

They can cater for the size of the event (housing of athletes and staff)
Construction of stadiums
Transportation to events
Media coverage
Politician support
Tourism

Question 24

(SAAC) Benefits to hosting an event

Answer 24

Build tourism
Economic influx
Eager to showcase city off to others
Pride and patriotism
Image as a global player
Employment opportunities
Increased funding for sports development
-Development of grass roots sports

Question 25

(SAAC) Problems with hosting an event

Answer 25

-Financial drain- infrastructure may go unused
-Lack of funding to other critical areas- 2032 olympics controversy Brisbane
-Large scale high risk project
-Security problems- terrorism (Munich)

Question 26

(SAAC) (CFSP) Positive impact on spectators

Answer 26

Elite/high quality performances on international stage, enjoyment
Rule changes increase excitement eg T20 Cricket, engagement, merchandising, celebrities as sports stars, entertainment, technology, grass roots sports being transformed, exciting rules changes

Question 27

(SAAC) (CFSP) Negative impact on spectators

Answer 27

Loss of tradition and connection to clubs, ticket prices being too expensive, changing names of stadiums from history, players moving between clubs for salaries, expensive to enjoy sport (pay television and kayo)

Question 28

(SSAC) (CFSP) Positive impact on athletesA

Answer 28

Skilled players earning high incomes
Better training facilities and research being used
Increased skill level and competition
Endorsements
National and international competitions
Travel the world
Skills/knowledge (career security post retirement from the sport) eg Johnathon Thurston, Paul Gallen etc

Question 29

(SAAC) (CFSP) Negative impact on athletes

Answer 29

-The commodification of individual- renewing contracts
-Becoming celebrities- no private life (Bailey Smith)
-Expectation to always improve and changes (aging athletes aren’t able to keep up)
-Trading and selling of players
-Intense training and transport needs
-Expected to do media etc

Question 29

(SAAC) (CFSP) Negative impact on athletes

Answer 29

-The commodification of individual- renewing contracts
-Becoming celebrities- no private life (Bailey Smith)
-Expectation to always improve and changes (aging athletes aren’t able to keep up)
-Trading and selling of players
-Intense training and transport needs
-Expected to do media etc

Question 30

(SAAC) (SABB) Sports as big business overview

Answer 30

We’ve since seen a shift in spectator experiences from watching on grassy hills to grand stands and tiered seating for optimal and shared viewing. Corporate boxes have been included for sponsors and big businesses. Stadiums sell food and drinks, including alcohol, in order to make money. We even have stadiums branded by their major sponsors, such as ANZ Stadium.

Sport growing as big business has also lead to increased employment opportunities including specialist staff who maintain grounds in particular the MCG & SCG, security guards, catering companies and sports camera specialists.

Sport becoming big business has seen players become highly influential for the brands they wear. They are seen on television, streaming apps, and have generated large social media followings, which brands see as an opportunity to further promote their products.

Question 31

(ASI) National identity through sporting achievements

Answer 31

-Athletes feel immense pride and patriotism
-Underdog identity- massive on the sporting stage without being a major world power like America, China, Russia etc
-Showcasing efforts on an international stage
-Australian Instituite of Sport genesis (1981) - failure at the Montreal olympics

Question 32

(ASI) Examples of national identity through sporting achievements

Answer 32

National identity has also been celebrated with the 1999 Rugby Union World Cup final against France, Socceroos making the World Cup Finals in 2006 and Australia II winning the America’s Cup in 1983. The last of these events saw the introduction of the boxing kangaroo which is symbolic of Australia’s fighting spirit and determination to win
-Opals, Jillaroos, Dolphins, Diamonds, Wallabies, Paralympics (Steelers), Matildas, Boomers
-Australia getting into the World Cup 2022- immense pride

Question 33

(ASI) Examples of regional identity through sporting achievements (Interstate)

Answer 33

-Rivalry between nations (Sydney and Melbourne- AFL and NRL)
-State of Origin- rivalry and pride for one’s team and state
-Identity through AFL- Tasmania feels immense pride for Hawthorne club even tho its not for them- big cultural aspect of tasmania

Question 34

(ASI) Examples of regional identity through sporting achievements (homegrounds)

Answer 34

Legends of the game and their association with their local club. Sir Donald Bradman and the regional town of Bowral has a dedicated museum.
-JAMES TEDESCO MENANGLE
-ASH BRAZILL AFLW AND NETBALL- BARGO and PICTON NSW
-State of Origin promotes local clubs with their team lists before kick off where each player states their name and junior club giving regional towns a sense of pride and young fans an association with an elite athlete.
The Riverina region, for example, prides itself on producing ‘tough and hardy’ footballers for the national competition. (PAUL KELLY SWANS)

Question 35

(ASI) Government funding for identity

Answer 35

The Australian Institute of Sport (AIS) was created by the Australian Sports Commission (ASC) after a depleted performance at the Montreal Olympic Games in 1976.

The AIS was created to ensure athletes had opportunities to excel in their chosen sport and train specifically for the Olympic event. Talent identification is done through regional competitions, and from there, chosen athletes become part of a state program i.e. NSWIS as a pathway into the AIS for Olympic preparedness.

Newer initiatives of government funding for sports include the active kids vouchers and the “sporting schools” grant helping schools to fund sports participation and development- future athletes and identity

• the National Oficiating Scholarship program for the development of elite sports officials
the Elite Indigenous Travel and Accommodation Assistance program to help Indigenous Australians who have been selected to compete for a state or national team

Question 36

(ASI) Politics and sport

Answer 36

-Sport can be used for political reasons from both politicians and athletes themselves
-Cathy Freeman 1994 olympics carrying both Aussie and Indigenous flags
-SA Premier Peter Maluniskas seen promoting and playing AFL so the state can host the AFL Magic Round- tourism and economy
-War dance against racism for Adam Goodes AFL and NICKY WINMAR
-Boycotts- Australia boycotted the 2022 Winter Olympics in China- athletes still attend but no officials or endorsement- human rights atrocities in Xinjiang China and the persecution of Uyghur Muslims
-Lightness in political turmoil- Don Bradman’s success at cricket during the Depression of the 1930s gave many Australians relief from their impoverished circumstances,

Question 37

Critically examine promotion of national and regional identity in sport

Answer 37

-rivalries in rugby netball with NZ or motherland cricket in England
-Sponsorships- qaantas socceroos
-2032 Olympics- promotion of aus identity
-Young Australian of the Year- Sam Kerr
-Community level- Don Bradman, Paul Kelly, Ash Brazill

Question 38

(MOPATIA) Traditional activities and sports

Answer 38

-Physical activity was for survival, cultural and spiritual reasons
-Sport isn’t a separate part of life, like in colonial eurocentric fashion, but it is the daily hunting, gathering, rituals, ceremonies and activities that were carried out in order to showcase connection with land and preserve the natural resources of a particular area
-Games were played for fun- enabling younger generations to learn practical life skills- natural surroundings, fishing, dancing, throwing etc
• bubberah, a game in which players take turns in throwing a boomerang to land close to a target
murri murri, which required players to stand in two lines several metres apart facing each other, while
a bark disc was rolled between the lines and they tried to spear it

Question 39

(MOPATIA) Links between community and identity for Indigenous Australians

Answer 39

Dance played an important part in the culture of each group. Stories and folklore were incorporated into dance to entertain and teach younger generations what was expected of them. The dances may have consisted
of pre-determined steps with speciic meanings or may have been a result of spontaneous celebration. Some of these dances may have involved a high level of physical activity. The initiation rites and other spiritual celebrations were included by some groups in a corroboree
-KINSHIP
-COMMUNITY- prolific Indigenous stars are symbols of great pride for Indigenous Auatralians- helps develop sport and a sense of identity and representation for Indigenous Australians
-PATTY MILLS AND EDDIE BETTS

Question 40

(MOPATIA) Links between community and identity for Indigenous Australians- furthering indigenous rights causes

Answer 40

he success of such athletes and their role in promoting culture and identity for all indigenous Australians is huge. 1993 was the year of Native Title legislation and the year that Nicky Winmar lifted his AFL shirt and declared ‘I’m black and I’m proud to be black’. This was one of the most important moments in the AFL. Fighting against racism continues to be part of the identity and role indigenous athletes fulfil. Adam Goodes used his position as an elite and famous AFL player to raise awareness around racism in Australia towards indigenous people.

Question 41

(PASCI) Role of competition (winning)

Answer 41

-Competition and the need to win have been consistent elements of the sporting culture in Australia.
-Winning can bring a sense of pride to a particular region or country. This helps to create a stronger sense of community amongst the winning community. International examples for Australia include the winning of the American Cup
- Indigenous pride and community when the Rabbitohs won their first NRL final in over 40 years in 2014. At the national level, winning can lead to other greater rewards, such as Cathy Freeman receiving the “Australian of the Year” award after establishing herself as a winner in the athletics arena and using her position to promote reconciliation.
-This is particularly true with martial arts where the emphasis is placed on self development and learning the correct forms. (Gymnastics- artistic)
-In indigenous culture historically emphasis was placed on kinship and community over competition.

Question 42

(PASCI) Links to cultural identity

Answer 42

-Sport is a pathway for cultures to develop their sense of belonging and connectedness to the sport. Australia is a nation of many diverse cultures that utilise sport as a way of showcasing their sense of pride.
-soccer (football) was referred to as “wog ball” for a long period in Australia and many of the original clubs in the NSL were founded by specific cultures, such as the Italian Marconi team, or the Croatian Sydney United.
-Teams such as the Bulldogs have a large Lebanese following and have at times had a largely Lebanese team. The Rabbitohs are another example of an NRL team this time with a strong indigenous connection.
-Australian beach culture
-AFL amongst Muslim women- growing arena for identity
-Bocce Italy

Question 43

(PASCI) Relationships to health

Answer 43

Sport places a large emphasis on the physical dimension of health rather than the holistic approach.
-Sports people and the idea of sport participation is strongly associated with what a typical athlete should look like.
-Participating in sport also brings with it a social dimension, which benefits the athletes connectedness.
-Sport can also provide athletes with a sense of purpose, which can cause mental health issues when an athlete has to stop the sport, especially if it is due to injury.
-Participating in sport is often promoted as a way to achieve good health. Tai Chi is an example of physical activity that emphasises the holistic approach to health by focusing heavily on the mental dimension where mind, body and spirit are linked to achieve good health.

Question 44

(PASCI) Ways of thinking about the human body

Answer 44

-Ancient Greek philosophers believed the body should be regarded as a ‘temple’ and developed sports that enhanced physique and skill.
-Asian philosophies maintain that, in order to achieve good health, a balance is needed between the mind, body and soul.
-Western beliefs have also created problems to do with body image. The perpetuation of unrealistic stereotypes for males and females means that many people become dissatisied with their body’s appearance

Question 45

(RBSAMM) Sport and media coverage for business

Answer 45

Between sport and the media a relationship has developed that is inter-dependent. Some high-proile sports such as rugby league and cricket depend for their budgets on media coverage. The media in turn relies on
sport to attract businesses who wish to advertise. Without media exposure, the lesser known sports find it dificult to obtain major sponsorship or to develop their sports fully. The media’s relationship with sport has
even resulted in changes to games to make them more suitable for television.

Question 46

(RBSAMM) Brutalist language sensationalism etc

Answer 46

-This is often the case with sports that are perceived as “battles” like the Rugby League’s State Of Origin.
-Whether violence is acceptable, certain athletes being labelled as “heroes” or “villains” can shape our perceptions of those athletes. In recent times, sports media has given particular attention to the athlete’s personal and private lives displaying them as a good person away from the sport.
-Clash, Fight, War, battle, Cheats, Scoops, The Invincibles, Saviours, Gladiators of league etc

Question 47

(ECMCS) Economic considerations of media coverage and sport

Answer 47

-Sport is popular with television programmers because it is both entertaining and relatively inexpensive to produce. The events are scheduled throughout the year, they make use of existing facilities and the sporting associations themselves are keen for publicity. Financially, the media also beneits from the relationship.
-Television stations, for example, can get great mileage out of past footage with a replay of last year’s grand final, plays of the week, plays of the month, legends of the game and with the lead-up commentary to the
event.
-Media and broadcasting networks bid every year for the rights to showcase a particular event. These major events include the Australian Open, Spring Racing Carnival, Test Cricket and the Olympics.
-Sponsors
-Uniform changes- women’s sexual suits for attracting an audience

Question 48

(MM and Sport) Think critically about impact of MM on sport (Who benefits)

Answer 48

The media company benefits from generating a news headline or breaking exclusive interviews or being the first to release team lists for a major competition ie State of Origin. The sport and sponsors associated will benefit with each good news story. The athlete will also benefit if the news is positive ie winning first Olympic Gold medal

Question 49

(MM and Sport) How does media influence our understanding of sporting events?

Answer 49

The media can have a negative or positive influence on our understanding of sporting events. This all depends on the message they deliver in their presentation of various events and athletes behaviour or achievements. Male athletes tend to be subject to bad behaviours and females tend to be targeted for sexuality purposes. Ben Cousins, Andrew Johns and Tiger Woods have all been scrutinised in the media and therefore impacting our understanding of the sport or the athlete as a person

Question 50

(MM and Sport) How does media influence our understanding of sporting events?

Answer 50

Sport has changed to suit the needs of the media by utilising prime time viewing with broadcasting partnerships. The idea is to limit the amount of breaks for advertisement and maximise the amount of viewing time for spectators. Advertisements during these breaks include companies that want to target a certain audience or market. For example KFC and their relationship with Test Cricket encourages people to buy the food product and promote the company through the “bucket head” trend that is also partnered with social media platforms.
Rule modifications have been made to ensure the game is more free flowing and allows for spectators to watch the match or competition in full without continual stoppage time. Audiences do not want their favourite sport to be interrupted with frequent intermissions.
-Kerry Packer instigated the rebel cricket concept called ‘World Series Cricket‘,he designed and packaged a sport that was purpose-built for television. The uniforms were more colourful,the rules were changed to make the game faster and more exciting, the times of the games were adjusted to suit peak viewing times and even the ball changed colour.
-SOCCER SHOOTOUT

Question 51

(DMMIAC) Differences in sport across print and electronic media

Answer 51

-The intense competition between newspapers and television stations lends itself to sensationalism in stories. Violent images in sports are often promoted, sometimes overshadowing the rest of the game, as when ights
in rugby league or AFL are replayed. Tantrums and poor on-court behaviour in tennis are widely reported by the media.
-Conquer, battle
-Women’s sport is often shown out of peak viewing times and away from mainstream channels for example 9GEM rather than Channel 9.

Question 52

(DMMIAC) The emergence of extreme sports as entertainment

Answer 52

-Some extreme sports have existed for decades including rock climbing and surfing. Modern day extreme sports include those that have a high level of risk attached or provide athletes with an opportunity to explore outside their comfort zone and find thrill in adrenaline pumping activities. Base jumping, skydiving, street luge and kite surfing are examples of modern day extreme sports.
-We know from previous content that spectator and participant involvement contributes to a large amount of the sports success. The attraction for spectators and participants alike to extreme sports has been the uncontrolled variables or things we have no control over, i.e. playing surface, weather, terrain and possibly snow.

Question 52

(DMMIAC) The emergence of extreme sports as entertainment

Answer 52

-Some extreme sports have existed for decades including rock climbing and surfing. Modern day extreme sports include those that have a high level of risk attached or provide athletes with an opportunity to explore outside their comfort zone and find thrill in adrenaline pumping activities. Base jumping, skydiving, street luge and kite surfing are examples of modern day extreme sports.
-We know from previous content that spectator and participant involvement contributes to a large amount of the sports success. The attraction for spectators and participants alike to extreme sports has been the uncontrolled variables or things we have no control over, i.e. playing surface, weather, terrain and possibly snow.

Question 53

(DMMIAC) (AMRGM2S) How does the coverage given to particular sports reflect which sports are valued and which ones are not?

Answer 53

Sports that are high impact and high entertainment generate economic value from viewers, spectators and sponsorship. The coverage for these sports is frequent and during the prime time viewing area. Sports that are not regarded in such high value are subject to the broadcasting networks that don’t generate the same economic value. This is particularly the case when it comes to coverage for mens Rugby League or AFL compared to the Women’s competition, therefore suggesting that mens sport is held in for more superiority than women’s sport.
-Sponsorship, cultural impact and popularity, history

Question 54

(DMMIAC) (AMRGM2S) What metaphors are common in sport?

Answer 54

Rugby League- “Going to war” suggests the tough nature of this sport is similar to war, particularly between rival teams (QLD and NSW or Australia and New Zealand)

“wildcard” suggesting athletes are unpredictable in their selection

Athletes being compared to gladiators

Differences in team names eg Dragons, Titans, Raiders compared to Opals, Vixens, Diamonds etc (women vs men)

Question 55

(DMMIAC) (AMRGM2S) Has the media pushed extreme sports to take excessive risks?

Answer 55

-The media has had some input into extreme sports taking excessive risks. It is no longer acceptable or going to win an athlete an event if the stunt is deemed too simple or basic. The more dangerous and difficult the stunt the more points the athlete is capable of achieving and essentially winning the top prize. The greater demand for impressive performances results in larger risks being taken.
-However, a problem has developed that is the responsibility of both the audience and the media. The increased coverage of extreme sports to satisfy the high demand for new entertainment by audiences and
the media has inadvertently pushed athletes to take increasingly higher risks: to jump higher, go faster or do more complicated manoeuvres. A double somersault just doesn’t impress anyone anymore; it needs to be a
triple or quadruple somersault to get the audience’s attention. Furthermore

Question 56

(SAATMD) Construction of masculinity and femininity

Answer 56

-Sport has for many years been a domain for athletes to display sex-role stereotypes. Males to display masculinity and participate in typically male dominated sports and women to present feminine characteristics and engage in typical female dominated sports.
-Men- muscular, aggressive, competitive, women- fragile, delicate, non-confrontational
-Societal norms and the pressure from the media have presented body image issues for both males and females playing sports that lie outside of the traditional realm.
-

Question 57

(SAATMD) IMplications for participation

Answer 57

-As we progress to an increase in female participation at an elite level we often see sexuality debates arising and questioning of a woman’s feminine attributes. The same applies for males engaging in traditional female sports- their sexuality becomes a focus rather than their ability to play the sport.
-There are large equity gaps in different sports which also have an impact on female participation. For example Tennis, a Grand Slam final for females is shorter than a Men’s final and the prize money is substantially different. Spectator numbers also increase for a Mens final compared to females.
-Body image issues
-There have been issues and implications for participation for many years, particularly for women participating in those traditional male sports like rugby league, cricket and soccer.

Question 58

(SAATMD) Sponsorship, policy, resourcing

Answer 58

-Sponsorship and endorsement is often easier for male athletes to obtain due to their influence on spectators and their large fan base due to greater media coverage.
-Female athletes that have secured big company sponsorship or big brand endorsement have often done so due to their “attractiveness” or female attributes rather than their playing ability. In some instances female athletes at their peak performance have lost endorsements to less able but seemingly more attractive athletes.
-The Australian Sports Commission has a dedicated Women in Sport Unit that attracts participation and ensures ongoing support for female athletes.
-Female athletes also deal with less resources for their sports. With lower pay rates and less funding from the governing bodies. For example, the Matildas were finally allowed to fly in business class in 2019 even though the Socceroos had been flying business class for many years.

Question 59

(SAATMD) The role of the media in constructing meanings around femininity and masculinity in sport

Answer 59

-A lack of quality coverage for female competitions has encouraged the media to promote the sex-role stereotypes that underpin female participation in sport. With sport viewership traditionally having a larger male base, media have focused on the looks of the female athlete in order to try and attract male viewers. (FEMALE GRID IRON MELB)
-For example in Rugby League teams like Warriors, Knights and Storm all have a link to strength and female teams like the Diamonds, Southern Stars and Matildas remain with a feminine aspect. Commentary for male athletes often includes questions that focus on the battle or how tough the game is. Commentary for female athletes has a focus on emotions and feelings generating an idea of fragility and delicateness.
-Asking women about their feelings, partners, makeup, appearance rather than game strategy
-MEL MCLAUGHLIN don’t blush baby

Question 60

Challenges to the male domain (history)

Answer 60

he early 19th Century saw a complete discouragement of women’s participation in sport. The idea of harming the female anatomy and medical myths and falsifications made it difficult for women to explore their abilities across various sports. This idea of women not typically fitting the sporting domain has constructed society’s idea of women’s participation and made it quite the challenge to rewrite the narrative surrounding women in sport.

Question 61

Challenges to the male domain (sexualisation)

Answer 61

The sexualisation of women in sport has also made it difficult for women to view sport as a career or permanent part of their lifestyle. It has also made it difficult for young girls to engage in sport and maintain a healthy lifestyle that includes regular physical activity due to issues around body image and pressure from the media.
Attention to female sports has often been restricted to participants who are seen as physically attractive rather than on ability. Anna Kournikova received more sponsorship and endorsement money than any other athlete and she had never won a singles grand slam

Question 62

Challenges to male domain (pay gap)

Answer 62

-Women are payed significantly less, recieve less spectators, scholarships, programs, less television, less promotion, less engagement with country, lesser links to national identity and an immense devaluation of the sports themselves by men

Question 63

Challenges to. the male domain (positive)

Answer 63

The language associated with female sport has changed with less emphasis on the physical appearance of women athletes. Media reports on athletes such as Elyse Perry, Samantha
Kerr, Sally Pearson, Anna Meares and Penny Taylor are based on their superior athletic performances. The 2012 London Olympics were the first in which women competed in every sport. Women athletes are beginning to receive better financial rewards, however, men still are larger earners in most sports. (PARADIGM SHIFT AND RISE OF FEMINISM AND SOCIAL MEDIA FOR ACTIVISM)
-social media calling out poor and sexist behaviour (TAYLA HARRIS)

Question 64

Challenges to. the male domain (positive admin changes)

Answer 64

Sporting administrations in developing their player and supporter base are taking responsibility for building junior and senior pathways for both males and females. Recently, data has indicated that there has been a considerable rise in the number of females who have registered to participate in sports such as cricket, rugby, rugby league and AFL. This
may be due to the rise in media attention towards these sports and the higher-standard competitions that these sports offer women.
In the past two years, the AFL have offered highly skilled female players contracts to play in a national tournament that also saw record
crowds, increased sponsorship and live television coverage. The Women’s Big Bash league offers women opportunities to play cricket as a full-time athlete.
-Female state of origin- AFL best and fairest brownlow
In contrast to this, males have been participating in sports often dominated by women, such as netball. However, this has been to a much smaller extent than women have been participating in traditionally male sports.

Question 65

Challenges to male domain mens sporting examples

Answer 65

Sunshine State Men’s and Mixed Netball Association (QLD)
Men’s Netball NSW (NSW), Victoria Men’s and Mixed Netball (VIC)
Men’s Artistic (synchronised swimming) teams in Melbourne (Eastern Sirens)