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PDHPE > Option 1 - Sports Medicine > Flashcards

Option 1 - Sports Medicine Flashcards

1
Q

Example of a soft tissue - indirect injury

A

Lateral ankle sprain - caused by over inverting/everting the foot causing lateral ligaments of the foot to be torn or damaged

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2
Q

Example of a soft tissue - overuse injury

A

Tendonitis - occurs within the shoulder of a swimmer due to excessive training, where no sufficient recovery periods have been given

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3
Q

Example of hard tissue - direct injury

A

Stress fracture - small cracks in the bone due to repetitive impacts such as from running on hard surfaces

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4
Q

Considerations for children/young athletes with medical conditions ie. asthma, diabetes or epilepsy

A
  • Management plan and appropriate supervision
  • Some forms of physical activity needs to be avoided
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5
Q

Considerations for diabetics

A
  • aware of own condition
  • monitor blood glucose levels
  • eat a diet in complex carbs that are low GI foods
  • first aid procedures prepared
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6
Q

Asthma management plan

A
  1. shake inhaler
  2. place mouthpiece in patient’s mouth
  3. fire one puff and tell patient to inhale slowly and steadily
  4. wait about one minute, then repeat for second puff
  5. at all stages, reassure patient to prevent onset of shock. if symptoms persist, seek medical attention
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7
Q

epilepsy management plan

A

Supervisors should be alert, allow seizure to continue by removing any hazards and call for medical attention if persisting over 5 minutes

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8
Q

stress fracture management

A
  1. immediate resting
  2. ice to reduce inflammation
  3. possible anti-inflammatory medicine
  4. immobilising the joint
  5. when returning to play, use corrective devices such as padding/strapping
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9
Q

thermoregulation management

A

wear appropriate clothing, be hydrated, rest if they are fatigued

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10
Q

resistance training management

A

need a supervisor to show them correct technique for exercises and weights need to be relative to child’s efforts

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11
Q

sports participation options for aged people with medical conditions - strength exercises

A

weight or resistance training exercises, climbing stairs, calisthenics; participating in this will increase size of muscle fibres to reduce risk of them decreasing in size and strength. also reduces risk of bone loss and osteoporosis

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12
Q

sports participation options for aged people with medical conditions - flexibility exercises

A

stretching, yoga, tai chi; increases muscle and joint strength, maintains general fitness and flexibility levels to reduce risk of heart conditions, vulnerability to fractures and ensure joint mobility for everyday movement which can reduce the risk of falling.

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13
Q

degree to which iron deficiency affects participation in sport

A

iron deficiency leads to anaemia, meaning that there are decreased amounts of red blood cells and haemoglobin for oxygen to bind to thus resulting in fatigue and decreased performance. therefore female athletes need to consume many foods containing sufficient sources of iron, ie. red meats, poultry and seafood

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14
Q

degree to which bone density affects participation in sport

A

decreased bone density is related to loss of calcium which may be due to inadequate diet or heavy menstruation. therefore females should reduce participation in high impact sports and choose foods high in calcium/ take calcium supplements.

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15
Q

how to support body’s temp. regulation mechanisms in hot environ.

A
  • maintain hydration levels
  • wear light, breathable clothing
  • exercise indoors / provide shade
  • increase breaks and water fluid stops
  • increase substitution of players more often
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16
Q

how to support body’s temp. regulation mechanisms in cold environ.

A
  • extended warm up
  • thermal clothing
  • heated/covered benches for subs
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17
Q

physical test to indicate readiness to return to play (cardiovascular endurance)

A

shuttle run test: tests cardiovascular endurance through a measured distance of 20m where the athlete will run up and down this interval while the speed at which they run increases

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18
Q

effectiveness of shuttle run test?

A

effective since it is objective, valid and reliable if performed on consistent surface. can be used for point of comparison for athletes to check whether fitness levels have returned to pre injury levels

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19
Q

physical test to indicate readiness to return to play (flexibility)

A

sit and reach test: athlete sits with legs straight out as they reach forward to furthest point they can towards their legs.they push an indicator up a measurement scale to determine lvl of flexibility.

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20
Q

effectiveness of sit and reach test?

A

effective. it is objective and reliable. can be compared to pre-injury results.

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21
Q

physical tests to indicate readiness to return to play

A
  • stork test: balance
  • sit up test: muscular endurance
  • dribbling tests: passing ability in soccer/dribbling in bball
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22
Q

Why aren’t such policies applied to all sports?

A

each sport has differing natures and levels of intensities; thus not all policies would be feasible.

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23
Q

Who should have ultimate responsibility for deciding is an athlete returns to competition?

A

Ultimately, it is a conjoined one between medical personnel, coaches, sporting organisations (for elite athletes) and the athlete.
official sporting organisations may have protocols in play eg. National Football League.

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24
Q

Should athletes be allowed to use painkillers in order to compete when injured?

A

although drugs can be taken to hasten healing process, it may also prolong healing process as what first appears to numb the pain may cause further damage to injured area later on.
painkillers can take away from focus, motor, skill execution and movement efficiency.

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25
Q

direct injuries

A

caused by external forces generated by object/person resulting in damage to tissues eg. bruises, dislocations

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26
Q

indirect injuries

A

caused by intrinsic forces within body and may be caused by poor technique, fatigue, lack of fitness or excessive strain being placed on muscles, tendons and ligaments, causing irritation and possible damage to body structures eg. back injury due to poor lifting technique

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27
Q

overuse injuries

A

occurring when excessive and repetitive force is placed on bones and other connective tissues of body eg. tendonitis

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28
Q

soft tissue injuries

A

affecting tissues within body that enclose bones or joints such as muscles, tendons, ligaments, cartilage and skin

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29
Q

hard tissue injuries

A

relating to bones or teeth.

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30
Q

soft tissue injuries? syllabus point.

A

tears, sprains, contusions, lacerations, blisters, skin abrasions, inflammatory response.

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31
Q

tear

A

disruption of fibres of muscle, tendon or ligament due to excessive movement beyond capable range - RICER

32
Q

contusion

A

bleeding to soft tissue as a result of an external force causing rupturing of blood capillaries - RICER

33
Q

skin abrasions

A

minor open wound to skin - clean wound with saline/running water, apply non-stick bandage

34
Q

laceration

A

open wound that is irregular and jagged - clean wound with saline/running water, apply non-stick bandage , referral to doctor, gauze pad and pressure to prevent bleeding

35
Q

blister

A

collection of fluid below/within epidermal layer of skin - pierce blister, express fluid, cover with sterile, non-adhesive dressing, apply padding and tape

36
Q

3 phases of inflammatory response

A
  1. inflammatory stage: pain, redness, swelling, loss of function, damage to cells and surrounding tissues, increased blood flow to area
  2. repair and regenerative stage: elimination of debris, formation of new fibres, production of scar tissue
  3. remodelling stage: increased production and replacement of scar tissue, regaining of function
37
Q

actions to be avoided during first 48-72 hours after injury

A

application of heat, drinking alcohol, physical activity, massage: increases blood flow and therefore swelling

38
Q

immediate management for hard tissue injuries

A
  1. immobilise and support injured site with splint/sling
  2. check for impaired circulation and other possible complications
  3. arrange for transport to hospital and professional medical assessment
  4. implementation of RICER if it does not cause pain
39
Q

asthma

A

narrowing of airways that restricts amount of oxygen exchanged within lungs causing episodes of wheezing, breathlessness and tightness in chest

40
Q

diabetes

A

chronic metabolic disease marked by high levels of glucose in blood

41
Q

epilepsy

A

condition characterised by seizures which is treated with medication to reduce incidences of seizures

42
Q

overuse injuries

A

occurs when repetitive stress is being placed on body part without enough recovery time for body to heal and repair

43
Q

thermoregulation

A

process allowing body to maintain its temperature

44
Q

children and young athletes. syllabus dot point

A
  • medical conditions (asthma, diabetes, epilepsy)
  • overuse injuries (stress fractures)
  • thermoregulation
  • appropriateness of resistance training
45
Q

adult and aged athletes. dot point.

A
  • heart conditions
  • fractures/bone density
  • flexibility/joint mobility
46
Q

female athletes. dot point.

A
  • eating disorders
  • iron deficiency
  • bone density
  • pregnancy
47
Q

effects of warm up

A
  • increase blood flow and oxygen to active muscles
  • increase body and muscle temp.
  • stretches ligaments and muscles for greater flexibility and reduces chance of injury
  • assists mental prep
  • allows athlete to perform at mental and physical peaks
48
Q

effects of cool down

A
  • allows excess fluid to be drained from muscles and redistribute around body
  • reduces muscle soreness and tightness
  • prevents blood pooling
  • promotes flexibility
49
Q

sports policy and sports environ. dot point.

A
  • Rules of sports and activities
  • Modified rules for children
  • Matching of opponents, eg growth and development, skill level
  • Use of protective equipment
  • Safe grounds, equipment and facilities
50
Q

environmental considerations. dot point.

A

-Temperature regulation (convection, radiation, conduction, evaporation)
-Climatic conditions (temperature, humidity, wind, rain, altitude, pollution)
-Guidelines for fluid intake
-Acclimatisation

51
Q

convection

A

transfer of heat through direct contact with gases or liquid and body

52
Q

radiation

A

transfer of heat from one surface to another through space with no physical contact between objects

53
Q

conduction

A

transfer of heat through direct contact

54
Q

acclimitisation

A

allowing body to adapt to environmental conditions

55
Q

difference between bandaging and taping?

A

bandaging involves use of non-adhesive, often elasticised bandages
taping involves use of non-adhesive, often rigid tape to protect, support or strengthen joint during movement

56
Q

rehabilitation procedures. dot point

A
  • Progressive mobilisation
  • Graduated exercise (stretching, conditioning, total body fitness)
  • Training
  • Use of heat and cold
57
Q

return to play. dot point.

A
  • Indicators of readiness for return to play (pain free, degree of mobility)
  • Monitoring progress (pre-test and post-test)
  • Psychological readiness
  • Specific warm up procedures
  • Return to play policies and procedures
  • Ethical considerations, eg. pressure to participate, use of pain killers
58
Q

what are the indicators of readiness?

A
  • elasticity
  • strength
  • mobility
  • pain free
  • balance
59
Q

what is climate conditions for prevention vs cure

A

humidity = wear less, hydration strategies
wind = wear more wind protective clothing
rain = adequate footwear
altitude = acclimatisation can prepare athlete, drink more water
pollution = wear protective equipment, acclimatisation

60
Q

what are the Guidelines for Fluid Intake

A

Approximately, 57% of the body is water. Through sweating and evaporation we lose water during exercise.

dehydration can cause
- - Heart rate increases quicker
- Core body temperature rise
- Decrease in muscular power
- Cognition and muscle memory is affected
- Decline in aerobic performance

prevention
- Hydro-loading and 200ml every 15 minutes exercice
- Replacing 150% of body weight lost during performance is also essential.

61
Q

Acclimatisation for prevention

A

gain control over the elements is to prepare in the expected climate before the competition takes place.

Strategies:

  1. Altitude Training: this allows the body to adjust to lower oxygen in the air, normally takes around 3-4 weeks to adjust to these conditions.
  2. Psychological Training: this allows the mind to adjust to the performance environment and the surrounding sensory overload.
  3. Climatic Training: this allows the body to adapt to the expected performance environment, like humidity, heat, cold or wind.
62
Q

tapering and bandaging FOR prevention

A

Taping and bandaging weak spots of the body can be an excellent way to prevent and promote certain movements. We can tape to prevent injuries and we bandage to support immobilise injured parts.

restrict movement of muscle

PREVENTION TAPERING
EG kineso
tape creates less tension for the muscle

63
Q

tapering and bandaging for Isolation of Injury

A

In order for athletes to continue to train or rehabilitate an injured body part may need to be restricted in some movements to allow healing to continue through movement. These strapping methods provide support whilst the injured area becomes accustomed the demands of full activity in the sport.

eg splint bandage for fractured wrist

64
Q

tapering and bandaging for. Bandaging for Immediate Treatment of Injury

A

Bandaging or taping to immobilise is a great way to prevent further damage to an already injured body part. Immobilising straps/bandaging may support the RICER regime for injury management or lock in place a hard tissue that has been fractured or dislodged.

65
Q

steps for physical preparation

A

-prescreening = exercise prescription
- Skill and Technique - relate to the efficiency with which they perform the required movements of the sport. - . Skill development can contribute to the avoidance of injury and must be a focus for new learners of a sport.
eg crikcet bowler, core stability eccentirc loading through bowling to prevent stress fractures
- Physical Fitness - important preventative action is developing the right fitness components during training.
- Warm Up, Stretching and Cool Down

66
Q

sport policy and safety environment

A
  • Rules of Sports and Activities
  • Modified Rules for Children
  • Matching of Opponents
  • Use of Protective Equipment
  • Safe Grounds, Equipment and Facilities
67
Q

outline the immflamuation responce

A

the inlammatory stage, is characterised by:
• pain, redness and swelling around the injured area
• loss of function and mobility
• damage to cells and surrounding tissues
• increased blood low to the area

regenerative stage, may last from three days to six weeks. It is characterised by:
• the elimination of debris
• the formation of new ibres
• production of scar tissue.

remodelling stage, can last from six weeks to many months. It is characterised by:
• increased production of scar tissue
• replacement tissue that needs to strengthen and develop in the direction that the force is applied. The
type of remodelling varies according to the timing and degree of mobilisation of the injury. Excessive
exercise too early causes further damage. Too little exercise allows large quantities of scar tissue to
form, which lacks strength and lexibility.

68
Q

2 hard tissue injuries

A

fractures and dislocations

69
Q

fracture

A

simple of compound

managment
Management of fractures requires:
• use of DRSABCD
• controlling bleeding
• treating shock
• use of a splint and bandage to immobilise (restrict
movement of) the area
• immediate medical assistance.

70
Q

dislocation management

A

Management requires:
• securing with a splint to fully immobilise the injury
• ice, elevation and support using a bandage
• immediate medical attention.
When treating a dislocation, follow these guidelines.
• Never attempt to relocate the displaced bone as this might
increase the damage.
• Seek medical attention.

71
Q

assessment of injuries

A

TOTAPS is an acronym that stands for:
• talk
• observe
• touch
• active movement
• passive movement
• skills test.

72
Q

elderly in sport

A

heart conditions (heart attack, high blood pressure, stroke)
fractures and bonedensity (osteporosis, stress fractures)
flexibility and joint mobidity

73
Q

sport safety soccor (rules of sport)

A
  1. no side tackle
  2. boots cant have metal studs
  3. cant use elboes when cometing for ball
74
Q

sport safet soccer (modified rules for children)

A
  1. down size field
  2. reduce player numbers
  3. they are graded age based comps
75
Q

sport safety soccer (use of proctive equiment)

A

1., shin huards
2. mouth guard
3. gloves

PDHPE (6 decks)

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