Core 1 : Health Priorities in Australia Flashcards
What is epidemiology ?
the study of disease in groups or populations
What is Prevalence ?
refers to the number of cases of disease that exists in a defined population at a point in time. (How often something has occurred)
What is incidence ?
refers to the number of new cases of disease occurring in a defined population over a period of time. (what is the current trend of something)
What does epidemiology tell us ?
- births/deaths
- rates of illness
- rates of disease
- groups at risk
- hospitalisation rates
Explain the benefits of epidemiology to improve the health of Australians.
People buy salty and sweet doritos
- the data offers the ability to describe and compare the patterns of health of groups and communities
- evaluating health behaviors and strategies to control and prevent disease.
- Detecting health needs and targets and allocating health care resources accordingly
- can determine the level of success the health promotion intuitive
What are the 5 point criteria in identifying priority health issues
Sam promised peter potato chips
- Social Justice Principles
- Priority Population Groups
- Prevalence of Condition
- Potential for Prevention and Early Intervention:
- Costs to the Individuals and Community
what are the range and types of health care system
Institutional - health care provided by ambulance, aged care and hospitals
Non institutional - covers general practitioners pathology, chemists
what is the responsibility for health facilities and services
Federal : provision of funding to the state Gov for facilities and services - health programs
State : mist direct - oversees the provision of public hospitals and services
Local Gov : implementing healthcare and legislation
Priv sector : private medical services eg cancer council
Community : promoting
Individual : access and utilise health services
Why have complementary and Alternative services growth
Immigration effect - globalisation allowing new cultures and approaches to introduce and expand
Holistic health - focused on improving a patients entire well being
Education and research - proven its benefits and can encourage individuals make it seem legit to the eye of the consumer.
options for complementary and alternative services
naturopath
herbalist
massage
acupuncture
what are limitations of epidemiology
- does not always show the significant variations in the health status among population subgroups
- doesn’t accurately indicate quality of life
- doesn’t account for health determinants
what is morbidity
patterns of illness, disease, and injury that does not result in death. eg hospital use. doctor visits, health surveys,
how does social justice contribute to identifying priority health issues
SJP - a value that favours the reduction or elimination of inequity the promotion of inclusiveness of diversity and establishment of environments that are supportive of al people
EQUITY - means that resources are allocated in accordance with the needs of individuals and populations with the desired goal of equality of outcomes.”
This results in particular groups within Australia receiving more funding and being identified as priority groups in Australia because they have poorer health outcomes than other Australians. ATSI are an example of a people group who require additional funding and resources in order to improve health outcomes.
how does Priority population groups contribute to identifying priority health issues
PPG - due to Australia’s multiculturalism and diversity and as a result large sub groups experiencing different health status die to the role of inequities with regards to health determinants
groups that experience high levels and high risk, eg Indigenous, when identified the highlight the certain determinants the group are experiencing eg low socio- economies
eg low socio have low income meaning more chance of buying cheap food and more at risk of cardiovasular disease
how does Prevalence of conditions contribute to identifying priority health issues
refers to the epidemiology data that suggests that the disease is having significant influence of the health on a particular subgroup or pop
high prevalence of a condition = high burden both economically and health burden on community.
how does potential for prevention contribute to identifying priority health issues
certain diseases can be prioritised based on their ability to be overcome through education and health promotion of the modifiable risk factors
governments recognise that lifestyle behaviours reflect the environment that individual works in
nation tabacco strategy
how does cost to the indiv. or comm. contribute to identifying priority health issues
disease can have enormous influence, both directly and indirectly on an indiv or comm in terms of financial, social, cultural, employment, education
discuss the impact of emerging treatments in terms of cost and access
good
- prevention of condition and earlier detection
- treatment less invasive and harsh
- greater chance of survival
eg Mammograms
Bad
- affordability barrier
- treatments not covered by gov. or medicare
- low socio can not access advanced medical services
eg MRI scans not covered by medicare
Justify that spending more money on health promotion will lead to decreased spending on curative services.
health promotion improves the health status of individuals, while reducing the incidence and prevalence of disease
eg in The National Tobacco Strategy
- reduce the burden of the smoking and consumption of tobacco products
- By spending more money on health promotion, there has been a decrease trend of young people who take up smoking as a habit
eg National Road Safety Program 2011-2020
- was to reduce the toll of MVA’z
- educates and promotes the encouragement of safe road behaviour and scrutinises the engagement in dangerous driving
discuss the issue of equitable access to health care facilities and services across Aus pop
good
medicare has allowed all aus to afford certain services and free treatment in public hospitals
bad
low socio - unable to afford specialised services
location - unable to access services and low rates of health professionals
knowledge - low education and low health literacy meanings making poor decisions regarding health and not aware of certain services or risk factors
Identify advantages and disadvantages on Private health insurance
Advantage
- covers what medicare doesn’t Ancillary services
- choice of doctor and hospital
- may have cover overseas
- reduces burden on public health system
- shorter waiting lists for surgery
Disadvantage
- expensive and cannot be accessed by all
- must pay even if not using services
- may still have to pay as insurance may not cover it all
Identify advantages and disadvantages on Medicare
advantage
- can be accessed through all and promotes equity in AUS health
- gives access to low socio
- free treatment in hospitals
- bulk billing meaning don’t have to pay for it
Disadvantage
- doesn’t cover all health services meaning sometimes patients have to pay
- no choice in doctor
- long waiting lists of elective surgery
what are two groups experiencing health inequalities
Aboriginal and low socio-eco
whats the nature and extent of health inequities in ATSI
- life exp -10 years
- 58% dies before 65
- higher mortality rates from preventable causes compared with Australia as a whole.
whats the nature and extent of health inequities in SEDS
- life exp -5 years
- higher infant mortality
- 1.6x as likely to
have at least two chronic health conditions, such as heart disease and diabetes.
what are the determinants for ATSI for inequalities
sociocultural
- long history of being oppressed
- racism and discrimination = porrer mental health
socioeconomic
- low education = impacts level of employment
- half as likely to graduate
- low levels of health literacy
- low gross annual income
environmental
- limited access to health services
- fewer medical clinics
- employment in rural = labour intensive
what are the determinants for SEDS for inequalities
sociocultural
- high levels of substance abuse, violence and conflict in the area
socioeconomic
- low levels of health literacy
- increase rate of homelessness/ poor housing
- high unemployment
- low income = cant afford healthy lifestyle
environmental
- poorer housing
- poorer access to adequate water services
- low income - overcrowd homes = more communicable diseases
what are the roles of individuals, communites and gov addressing the HI in ATSI
Fix the gap
- services and facilites sent out to rural communities
- early access to covid vaccinations
- university schoolorships
what are the roles of individuals, communites and gov addressing the HI in SEDS
government = social housing, medicare, unemployment pension
communites = community lunch, OZ harvests, PSYC
indiv = volunteers and donations
What is CVD
all the diseases of the circulatory system (heart and blood vessels).
EG STROKE, CONORY HEART DISEASE, HYPERTENSION, ATHENORSCLEROSIS, ARTERIOSCLEROSIS
how bad is the problem with CVD
2nd highest death
2.6 million aus experience hypertension
4.2 million report haveing ciculatory disease
is decreasing for both female and males
what are the risk factors with CVD
- modifable = dietm smoking, physical activity, obesisty, regular check ups
- non modifable = age, gender, family history
what are the health determinants of CVD
economical = income affects access to health care + lower income, junk food, drinking and smoking
cultural - religion influences the approach and diet of the culture predisposing people with certain diseases
environmental - remote/rural arease less access to info, health care - rural have high rates of CVD
Individual - attitude towards access to information
what are the groups at risk of CVD
men
elderly
obses people
physically inactive
smokers
ATSI
What is diabetes
type 1 = insulin dependent
type 2 = non insuline dependent
a metabolic condition where the body cannot break down sugar.
how bad is the problem with Diabetes
6% of aus have it
1million hospitalisations in 2015-2016
1in10 deaths in 2015 had diabetes related diseases
85% have type 2
500, 000 have type 2 and dont know
atsi 4x more likely
seds 2 x more likely
what are the risk factors with diabetes
type 1 = family history, genetics
type 2 = 45yrs old +, high blood pressure, overweight, ATSI and SEDS people
what are the health determinants of diabetes
sociocultural
- family, atsi
economic
- low income = bad lifestyle habits = junk foods like high sugar and fat
- low level of health literacy
- increased alcohol problems
environmental
- access to health services and info
- more common is rural
what are the groups at risk of diabetes
- overweight
- people how consume high levels of sugar
what are the protective factors for diabetes
low fat diet, decreased sugar and salt intake
regular activity
what are impacts of ageing pop
increased pop living with chronic disease
demand for health services and workforce shortages
availability of carers and volunteers
healthy ageing
what is the nature of cancer
skin - abnormal growth in skin cells
lung - cancer that forms in the tissue of lungs
breat - abnormal growth in breast tissue
what is the extent of cancer
leading cause of illness
1 in 50,000 in 2019
SKIN - 2 in 5 aussies develop before 70
LUNG - 14000 case in a year - increasing in women by 0.3%
decreasing
what are the risk factors for cancer
breast - women, older age, genetic mutation, family history and early menstration
what are the health determinants for cancer
cultural - aus culture, sun, beach + family habits, peers and meida
econ
employment (greater exposure to the sun) radiation, education, income
evirmental
location, access to services, rural areas, near coast = more exposure
what are the groups at risk of cancer
Older age.
A personal or family history of cancer.
Using tobacco.
Obesity.
Alcohol.
what is the difference between benign and maligant tumours
. benign tumours are encircled by a capsule
Benign tumors tend to grow slowly and do not spread. Malignant tumors can grow rapidly, invade and destroy nearby normal tissues, and spread throughout the body.
argue the benefits of the applying the action areas of the Ottawa Charter as a framework for health promotion.
DEVELOPING PERSONAL SKILLS
Developing personal skills is aimed at improving the knowledge and skills of individuals so they:
• are able to make more informed health decisions for themselves
• have the capacity to be a positive inluence on those around them.
EG
GIRLS MAKE YOUR MOVE
Girls Make Your Move is a campaign run by the Australian Department of Health to encourage young women,
aged between 12 and 19, to become more physically active and healthy. The campaign is inspired by research
demonstrating that girls face more barriers to being physically active than boys
argue the benefits of the applying the action areas of the Ottawa Charter as a framework for health promotion.
CREATING SUPPORTIVE ENVIRONMENT
A supportive environment signiicantly increases the chance of a person being able to make positive changes
to their health. The place they live and the people around them can either create barriers to good health or
in optimal conditions help to break down barriers.
EG Road Safety
For example, in order to ensure safety on our roads and to reduce road incidents a multi-sectoral approach has been used. Students are educated in school and through media advertisements about the dangers of road use and how to be safe on the road.
argue the benefits of the applying the action areas of the Ottawa Charter as a framework for health promotion.
Strengthening community action
using the various communities within Australia to help make decisions, plan and implement health promotions and review their effectiveness
all about community involvement in the health promotion process. It draws on community resources in order to provide social support and and self-help for the community
EG Closing the Gap
National Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Organisation
argue the benefits of the applying the action areas of the Ottawa Charter as a framework for health promotion.
Reorienting health services
Reorienting is adjusting a position, direction or approach to suit particular circumstances. The process of
reorienting health services encourages the health sector to move beyond its traditional role of providing cura-
tive services.
Reorienting health services is primarily about the health sector changing from focusing primarily on clinical and curative services to increasingly focus on health promotion and prevention.
EG Tobacco use
rovide clinical guidelines for health professionals and their role in supporting the cessation of tobacco use. This shift in focus means health professionals are helping to prevent illness and disease and promoting health through preventative measures.
argue the benefits of the applying the action areas of the Ottawa Charter as a framework for health promotion.
Building healthy public policy
Through implementing legislation, policies and iscal mea-
sures, governments can work towards creating equity among
individuals and across different populations
Road Safety[2]
numerous policy developments around road safety that have helped to reduce fatalities and injuries on our roads. For example, the introduction of compulsory seatbelt wearing, random breath testing, intensive speed camera programs and, more recently, roadside drug testing have all contributed to the decrease in road injuries and fatalities.
responisbity of Commonwealth Government
concerned with the formation of national health policies
and the control of health system inancing through the collection of taxes. It provides funds to the state and
territory governments for health care, and inluences their health policy making and delivery.
contributes major funds to:
• high level residential care
• medical services
• health research
• public hospitals
responsibility State and territory governments
The principal functions of state and territory health authorities include:
• hospital services
• mental health programs
• dental health services
• home and community care
• child, adolescent and family health services
Private sector responsibility
The private sector provides a wide range of services, such as private hospitals, dentists and alternative health
services (for example, chiropractors). Privately owned and operated, these services are approved by the
Commonwealth Department of Health.
Local government responsibility
The health responsibilities of local governments vary from state to state, but mainly concern environmen-
tal control and a range of personal, preventative and home care services. They include the
- monitoring of sanitation and hygiene standards in food outlets, waste disposal,
- the monitoring of building standards,
-immu-nisation, Meals on Wheels and antenatal clinics.
Equity of access to health facilities and services
An individual’s ability to access health-care facilities
and services can relect their:
• socioeconomic status
• knowledge of available services
• geographic isolation
• cultural and religious beliefs.
Access might also be affected by issues such as:
• shortages of qualiied staff
• lack of funding or equipment
• patient waiting lists for surgery or other treatment in public hospitals
• waiting times in outpatient clinics or emergency departments.
Medicare is helpful yet this health insurance system does not cover all health services such as dental
and physiotherapy. As a result, some health services are inaccessible to those who cannot afford them.
Health-care expenditure versus early intervention and
prevention expenditure
Health-care expenditure in Australia still far exceeds expenditure on illness prevention and health promo-
tion. This is due to an emphasis on medical treatments to cure illness dominating the allocation of public health
resources and spending. more than 90 per cent of Australia’s health expenditure is allocated to treating and curing
illnesses.
example of great prevention is sunsmart and slip slop slap
saving $2.20 every $1 on skin cancer treatment
480,000 Victorian cancer
Impact of emerging new treatments and technologies on
health care
eg keyhole surgery = make operating procedures far more accurate
and less risky for the patient. Laser-itted lexible endoscopes penetrate very small incisions and make
repairs to hernias, kidneys, knees and other structures with new levels of precision, leaving minimal
scarring and tissue damage.
- less recovery times for harsh invasive surgeries
limitations
= ver expensive
= not available to everyone
