Core 1 : Health Priorities in Australia

Question 1

What is epidemiology ?

Answer 1

the study of disease in groups or populations

Question 2

What is Prevalence ?

Answer 2

refers to the number of cases of disease that exists in a defined population at a point in time. (How often something has occurred)

Question 3

What is incidence ?

Answer 3

refers to the number of new cases of disease occurring in a defined population over a period of time. (what is the current trend of something)

Question 4

What does epidemiology tell us ?

Answer 4

• births/deaths
• rates of illness
• rates of disease
• groups at risk
• hospitalisation rates

Question 5

Explain the benefits of epidemiology to improve the health of Australians.

People buy salty and sweet doritos

Answer 5

• the data offers the ability to describe and compare the patterns of health of groups and communities
• evaluating health behaviors and strategies to control and prevent disease.
• Detecting health needs and targets and allocating health care resources accordingly
• can determine the level of success the health promotion intuitive

Question 6

What are the 5 point criteria in identifying priority health issues

Sam promised peter potato chips

Answer 6

• Social Justice Principles
• Priority Population Groups
• Prevalence of Condition
• Potential for Prevention and Early Intervention:
• Costs to the Individuals and Community

Question 7

what are the range and types of health care system

Answer 7

Institutional - health care provided by ambulance, aged care and hospitals
Non institutional - covers general practitioners pathology, chemists

Question 8

what is the responsibility for health facilities and services

Answer 8

Federal : provision of funding to the state Gov for facilities and services - health programs
State : mist direct - oversees the provision of public hospitals and services
Local Gov : implementing healthcare and legislation
Priv sector : private medical services eg cancer council
Community : promoting
Individual : access and utilise health services

Question 9

Why have complementary and Alternative services growth

Answer 9

Immigration effect - globalisation allowing new cultures and approaches to introduce and expand

Holistic health - focused on improving a patients entire well being

Education and research - proven its benefits and can encourage individuals make it seem legit to the eye of the consumer.

Question 10

options for complementary and alternative services

Answer 10

naturopath
herbalist
massage
acupuncture

Question 11

what are limitations of epidemiology

Answer 11

• does not always show the significant variations in the health status among population subgroups
• doesn’t accurately indicate quality of life
• doesn’t account for health determinants

Question 12

what is morbidity

Answer 12

patterns of illness, disease, and injury that does not result in death. eg hospital use. doctor visits, health surveys,

Question 13

how does social justice contribute to identifying priority health issues

Answer 13

SJP - a value that favours the reduction or elimination of inequity the promotion of inclusiveness of diversity and establishment of environments that are supportive of al people

EQUITY - means that resources are allocated in accordance with the needs of individuals and populations with the desired goal of equality of outcomes.”
This results in particular groups within Australia receiving more funding and being identified as priority groups in Australia because they have poorer health outcomes than other Australians. ATSI are an example of a people group who require additional funding and resources in order to improve health outcomes.

Question 14

how does Priority population groups contribute to identifying priority health issues

Answer 14

PPG - due to Australia’s multiculturalism and diversity and as a result large sub groups experiencing different health status die to the role of inequities with regards to health determinants
groups that experience high levels and high risk, eg Indigenous, when identified the highlight the certain determinants the group are experiencing eg low socio- economies

eg low socio have low income meaning more chance of buying cheap food and more at risk of cardiovasular disease

Question 15

how does Prevalence of conditions contribute to identifying priority health issues

Answer 15

refers to the epidemiology data that suggests that the disease is having significant influence of the health on a particular subgroup or pop

high prevalence of a condition = high burden both economically and health burden on community.

Question 16

how does potential for prevention contribute to identifying priority health issues

Answer 16

certain diseases can be prioritised based on their ability to be overcome through education and health promotion of the modifiable risk factors

governments recognise that lifestyle behaviours reflect the environment that individual works in

nation tabacco strategy

Question 17

how does cost to the indiv. or comm. contribute to identifying priority health issues

Answer 17

disease can have enormous influence, both directly and indirectly on an indiv or comm in terms of financial, social, cultural, employment, education

Question 18

discuss the impact of emerging treatments in terms of cost and access

Answer 18

good
- prevention of condition and earlier detection
- treatment less invasive and harsh
- greater chance of survival
eg Mammograms
Bad
- affordability barrier
- treatments not covered by gov. or medicare
- low socio can not access advanced medical services
eg MRI scans not covered by medicare

Question 19

Justify that spending more money on health promotion will lead to decreased spending on curative services.

Answer 19

health promotion improves the health status of individuals, while reducing the incidence and prevalence of disease

eg in The National Tobacco Strategy
- reduce the burden of the smoking and consumption of tobacco products
- By spending more money on health promotion, there has been a decrease trend of young people who take up smoking as a habit

eg National Road Safety Program 2011-2020
- was to reduce the toll of MVA’z
- educates and promotes the encouragement of safe road behaviour and scrutinises the engagement in dangerous driving

Question 20

discuss the issue of equitable access to health care facilities and services across Aus pop

Answer 20

good
medicare has allowed all aus to afford certain services and free treatment in public hospitals

bad
low socio - unable to afford specialised services

location - unable to access services and low rates of health professionals

knowledge - low education and low health literacy meanings making poor decisions regarding health and not aware of certain services or risk factors

Question 21

Identify advantages and disadvantages on Private health insurance

Answer 21

Advantage
- covers what medicare doesn’t Ancillary services
- choice of doctor and hospital
- may have cover overseas
- reduces burden on public health system
- shorter waiting lists for surgery

Disadvantage
- expensive and cannot be accessed by all
- must pay even if not using services
- may still have to pay as insurance may not cover it all

Question 22

Identify advantages and disadvantages on Medicare

Answer 22

advantage
- can be accessed through all and promotes equity in AUS health
- gives access to low socio
- free treatment in hospitals
- bulk billing meaning don’t have to pay for it

Disadvantage
- doesn’t cover all health services meaning sometimes patients have to pay
- no choice in doctor
- long waiting lists of elective surgery

Question 23

what are two groups experiencing health inequalities

Answer 23

Aboriginal and low socio-eco

Question 24

whats the nature and extent of health inequities in ATSI

Answer 24

• life exp -10 years
• 58% dies before 65
• higher mortality rates from preventable causes compared with Australia as a whole.

Question 25

whats the nature and extent of health inequities in SEDS

Answer 25

- life exp -5 years - higher infant mortality - 1.6x as likely to have at least two chronic health conditions, such as heart disease and diabetes.

Question 26

what are the determinants for ATSI for inequalities

Answer 26

sociocultural - long history of being oppressed - racism and discrimination = porrer mental health socioeconomic - low education = impacts level of employment - half as likely to graduate - low levels of health literacy - low gross annual income environmental - limited access to health services - fewer medical clinics - employment in rural = labour intensive

Question 27

what are the determinants for SEDS for inequalities

Answer 27

sociocultural - high levels of substance abuse, violence and conflict in the area socioeconomic - low levels of health literacy - increase rate of homelessness/ poor housing - high unemployment - low income = cant afford healthy lifestyle environmental - poorer housing - poorer access to adequate water services - low income - overcrowd homes = more communicable diseases

Question 28

what are the roles of individuals, communites and gov addressing the HI in ATSI

Answer 28

Fix the gap - services and facilites sent out to rural communities - early access to covid vaccinations - university schoolorships

Question 29

what are the roles of individuals, communites and gov addressing the HI in SEDS

Answer 29

government = social housing, medicare, unemployment pension communites = community lunch, OZ harvests, PSYC indiv = volunteers and donations

Question 30

What is CVD

Answer 30

all the diseases of the circulatory system (heart and blood vessels). EG STROKE, CONORY HEART DISEASE, HYPERTENSION, ATHENORSCLEROSIS, ARTERIOSCLEROSIS

Question 31

how bad is the problem with CVD

Answer 31

2nd highest death 2.6 million aus experience hypertension 4.2 million report haveing ciculatory disease is decreasing for both female and males

Question 32

what are the risk factors with CVD

Answer 32

- modifable = dietm smoking, physical activity, obesisty, regular check ups - non modifable = age, gender, family history

Question 33

what are the health determinants of CVD

Answer 33

economical = income affects access to health care + lower income, junk food, drinking and smoking cultural - religion influences the approach and diet of the culture predisposing people with certain diseases environmental - remote/rural arease less access to info, health care - rural have high rates of CVD Individual - attitude towards access to information

Question 34

what are the groups at risk of CVD

Answer 34

men elderly obses people physically inactive smokers ATSI

Question 35

What is diabetes

Answer 35

type 1 = insulin dependent type 2 = non insuline dependent a metabolic condition where the body cannot break down sugar.

Question 36

how bad is the problem with Diabetes

Answer 36

6% of aus have it 1million hospitalisations in 2015-2016 1in10 deaths in 2015 had diabetes related diseases 85% have type 2 500, 000 have type 2 and dont know atsi 4x more likely seds 2 x more likely

Question 37

what are the risk factors with diabetes

Answer 37

type 1 = family history, genetics type 2 = 45yrs old +, high blood pressure, overweight, ATSI and SEDS people

Question 38

what are the health determinants of diabetes

Answer 38

sociocultural - family, atsi economic - low income = bad lifestyle habits = junk foods like high sugar and fat - low level of health literacy - increased alcohol problems environmental - access to health services and info - more common is rural

Question 39

what are the groups at risk of diabetes

Answer 39

- overweight - people how consume high levels of sugar

Question 40

what are the protective factors for diabetes

Answer 40

low fat diet, decreased sugar and salt intake regular activity

Question 41

what are impacts of ageing pop

Answer 41

increased pop living with chronic disease demand for health services and workforce shortages availability of carers and volunteers healthy ageing

Question 42

what is the nature of cancer

Answer 42

skin - abnormal growth in skin cells lung - cancer that forms in the tissue of lungs breat - abnormal growth in breast tissue

Question 43

what is the extent of cancer

Answer 43

leading cause of illness 1 in 50,000 in 2019 SKIN - 2 in 5 aussies develop before 70 LUNG - 14000 case in a year - increasing in women by 0.3% decreasing

Question 44

what are the risk factors for cancer

Answer 44

breast - women, older age, genetic mutation, family history and early menstration

Question 45

what are the health determinants for cancer

Answer 45

cultural - aus culture, sun, beach + family habits, peers and meida econ employment (greater exposure to the sun) radiation, education, income evirmental location, access to services, rural areas, near coast = more exposure

Question 46

what are the groups at risk of cancer

Answer 46

Older age. A personal or family history of cancer. Using tobacco. Obesity. Alcohol.

Question 47

what is the difference between benign and maligant tumours

Answer 47

. benign tumours are encircled by a capsule Benign tumors tend to grow slowly and do not spread. Malignant tumors can grow rapidly, invade and destroy nearby normal tissues, and spread throughout the body.

Question 48

argue the benefits of the applying the action areas of the Ottawa Charter as a framework for health promotion. DEVELOPING PERSONAL SKILLS

Answer 48

Developing personal skills is aimed at improving the knowledge and skills of individuals so they: • are able to make more informed health decisions for themselves • have the capacity to be a positive inluence on those around them. EG GIRLS MAKE YOUR MOVE Girls Make Your Move is a campaign run by the Australian Department of Health to encourage young women, aged between 12 and 19, to become more physically active and healthy. The campaign is inspired by research demonstrating that girls face more barriers to being physically active than boys

Question 49

argue the benefits of the applying the action areas of the Ottawa Charter as a framework for health promotion. CREATING SUPPORTIVE ENVIRONMENT

Answer 49

A supportive environment signiicantly increases the chance of a person being able to make positive changes to their health. The place they live and the people around them can either create barriers to good health or in optimal conditions help to break down barriers. EG Road Safety For example, in order to ensure safety on our roads and to reduce road incidents a multi-sectoral approach has been used. Students are educated in school and through media advertisements about the dangers of road use and how to be safe on the road.

Question 50

argue the benefits of the applying the action areas of the Ottawa Charter as a framework for health promotion. Strengthening community action

Answer 50

using the various communities within Australia to help make decisions, plan and implement health promotions and review their effectiveness all about community involvement in the health promotion process. It draws on community resources in order to provide social support and and self-help for the community EG Closing the Gap National Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Organisation

Question 51

argue the benefits of the applying the action areas of the Ottawa Charter as a framework for health promotion. Reorienting health services

Answer 51

Reorienting is adjusting a position, direction or approach to suit particular circumstances. The process of reorienting health services encourages the health sector to move beyond its traditional role of providing cura- tive services. Reorienting health services is primarily about the health sector changing from focusing primarily on clinical and curative services to increasingly focus on health promotion and prevention. EG Tobacco use rovide clinical guidelines for health professionals and their role in supporting the cessation of tobacco use. This shift in focus means health professionals are helping to prevent illness and disease and promoting health through preventative measures.

Question 52

argue the benefits of the applying the action areas of the Ottawa Charter as a framework for health promotion. Building healthy public policy

Answer 52

Through implementing legislation, policies and iscal mea- sures, governments can work towards creating equity among individuals and across different populations Road Safety[2] numerous policy developments around road safety that have helped to reduce fatalities and injuries on our roads. For example, the introduction of compulsory seatbelt wearing, random breath testing, intensive speed camera programs and, more recently, roadside drug testing have all contributed to the decrease in road injuries and fatalities.

Question 53

responisbity of Commonwealth Government

Answer 53

concerned with the formation of national health policies and the control of health system inancing through the collection of taxes. It provides funds to the state and territory governments for health care, and inluences their health policy making and delivery. contributes major funds to: • high level residential care • medical services • health research • public hospitals

Question 54

responsibility State and territory governments

Answer 54

The principal functions of state and territory health authorities include: • hospital services • mental health programs • dental health services • home and community care • child, adolescent and family health services

Question 55

Private sector responsibility

Answer 55

The private sector provides a wide range of services, such as private hospitals, dentists and alternative health services (for example, chiropractors). Privately owned and operated, these services are approved by the Commonwealth Department of Health.

Question 56

Local government responsibility

Answer 56

The health responsibilities of local governments vary from state to state, but mainly concern environmen- tal control and a range of personal, preventative and home care services. They include the - monitoring of sanitation and hygiene standards in food outlets, waste disposal, - the monitoring of building standards, -immu-nisation, Meals on Wheels and antenatal clinics.

Question 57

Equity of access to health facilities and services

Answer 57

An individual’s ability to access health-care facilities and services can relect their: • socioeconomic status • knowledge of available services • geographic isolation • cultural and religious beliefs. Access might also be affected by issues such as: • shortages of qualiied staff • lack of funding or equipment • patient waiting lists for surgery or other treatment in public hospitals • waiting times in outpatient clinics or emergency departments. Medicare is helpful yet this health insurance system does not cover all health services such as dental and physiotherapy. As a result, some health services are inaccessible to those who cannot afford them.

Question 58

Health-care expenditure versus early intervention and prevention expenditure

Answer 58

Health-care expenditure in Australia still far exceeds expenditure on illness prevention and health promo- tion. This is due to an emphasis on medical treatments to cure illness dominating the allocation of public health resources and spending. more than 90 per cent of Australia’s health expenditure is allocated to treating and curing illnesses. example of great prevention is sunsmart and slip slop slap saving $2.20 every $1 on skin cancer treatment 480,000 Victorian cancer

Question 59

Impact of emerging new treatments and technologies on health care

Answer 59

eg keyhole surgery = make operating procedures far more accurate and less risky for the patient. Laser-itted lexible endoscopes penetrate very small incisions and make repairs to hernias, kidneys, knees and other structures with new levels of precision, leaving minimal scarring and tissue damage. - less recovery times for harsh invasive surgeries limitations = ver expensive = not available to everyone