OPTICS Flashcards

OPTICS

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1
Q

What is the law that governs the reflection of a light ray off a flat surface?

A

θi = θr## FootnoteThe law of reflection states that: light incident on a reflective surface at some angle will bounce off at an equal angle of reflection, as measured from the normal.

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2
Q

What will the angle of reflection be for a light ray incident on a surface, making an angle of 35 degrees to the surface?

A

θr = 55 degrees## FootnoteRemember: the angles of incidence and reflection must be measured relative to the surface’s normal. 90 - 35 = 55. θi and θr are shown below.

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3
Q

Define:refraction

A

Refraction is when a light ray crosses a boundary from one transparent medium to another.## FootnoteWhen the light ray changes media it bends either towards or away from the normal, depending on the properties of the respective media.

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4
Q

Define:refractive index

A

The refractive index of a transparent medium is a unitless ratio of the speed of light in that medium compared to speed of light in a vacuum.## FootnoteIndex of refraction is defined as n = c/vwhere: n = index of refraction of the medium c = speed of light traveling through a vacuum v = speed of light traveling through the medium

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5
Q

What is the approximate index of refraction of:* air* water* glass

A
  • Air: approximately 1* Water: approximately 1.33 (or 4/3)* Glass: varies greatly, but 1.5 and 2 are commonly used values## FootnoteSince the speed of light can never exceed c, the value for the index of refraction of any medium cannot be less than 1.
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6
Q

How is the path of a light ray affected when the ray crosses a boundary from air (low n) into glass (high n)?

A

When a light ray crosses from air into glass, it bends towards the normal of the surface once inside the glass.## FootnoteAny boundary crossing into a medium with a higher index of refraction will cause light to bend towards the normal.

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7
Q

How is the path of a light ray affected when the ray crosses a boundary from glass into air?

A

When a light ray crosses from glass into air, it bends away from the normal of the surface in the air.## FootnoteAny boundary crossing into a medium with a lower index of refraction will cause light to bend away from the normal.

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8
Q

DefineSnell’s law

A

Snell’s law gives the direct relationship between angles of incidence and refraction, from a light ray crossing the boundary between media:n1sin(θ1) = n2sin(θ2)## Footnotewhere n1 = index of refraction on the incident side θ1 = angle of incidence n2 = index of refraction on the refraction side θ2 = angle of refraction

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9
Q

Definecritical angle θc

A

The critical angle θc is the angle of incidence in one medium at which the angle of refraction into the new medium would become 90 degrees or higher.## FootnoteThere is only a critical angle for refraction across a boundary at which the index of refraction decreases, such as glass into air.

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10
Q

What is the formula for calculating the critical angle θc for a refraction from a medium with index n1 to a medium with index n2?

A

θc = sin-1(n2/n1)## FootnoteFrom Snell’s law:n1sin(θc) = n2sin(90) n1sin(θc) = n2(1) sin(θc) = n2/n1 θc = sin-1(n2/n1)

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11
Q

Define:total internal reflection

A

When a light ray approaches a boundary of decreasing index of refraction at an angle of incidence greater than the critical angle, it undergoes total internal reflection.## FootnoteThe light ray entirely reflects, staying in the incident medium. No light refracts across the boundary.

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12
Q

Under what conditions does total internal reflection occur?

A

For total internal reflection to occur, two conditions must be met:1. The index of refraction must decrease across the boundary in the direction of light refraction.2. The angle of incidence of the light ray must exceed the critical angle of the interface.

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13
Q

Define:dispersion

A

Dispersion is different wavelengths of light refracting at different angles.## FootnoteThe most common example of dispersion tested on the AP Physics exam is white light splitting into a spectrum of colors inside a prism and spreading out at a range of angles.

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14
Q

Why is a beam of sunlight separated into a rainbow of different colors as it passes through a prism?

A

The rainbow occurs due to dispersion.## FootnoteThe white sunlight beam is made up of all the colors of visible light mixed together, as is all white light. The glass of the prism is dispersive, and different colors of light refract differently as they pass through the prism, so they are separated upon exiting the back surface.Blue light is refracted more than red light in glass.

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15
Q

When white light is separated by a prism into its component colors, in what order do they appear?

A

The separated colors are, in order, red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet.## FootnoteThis is easily remembered by the mnemonic ROYGBIV (Roy Gee Biv).

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16
Q

Define:the focal point of an optic

A

An optic’s focal point is the location where all rays parallel to the principal axis of the optic will cross after reflecting from/refracting through the optic.## FootnoteAn optic with a short focal point is a strong optic, bending light severely, while an optic with a long focal point is a weak optic, affecting light rays less significantly.

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17
Q

Define:the image of an optical system

A

The image of an optical system is an optical reproduction of a physical object, formed when light rays transmitted by the object are caused to converge at a specific point by an optic or series of optics.## FootnoteMany optics problems will involve calculating the location of the system’s image, given a particular object and lens or mirror.

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18
Q

What are the characteristics of the parallel ray in an optical system?

A

The parallel ray is a light ray which reflects off the top of an object, and travels parallel to the principal axis of the optic.## FootnoteAfter reflecting off/refracting through the optic, the parallel ray crosses the principal axis at the focal point, and can be used to help locate the image.

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19
Q

What are the characteristics of the focal ray in an optical system?

A

The focal ray is a light ray which reflects off the top of an object, and travels through the focal point of the optic.## FootnoteAfter reflecting off/refracting through the optic, the focal ray emerges parallel to the principal axis of the optic, and can be used to help locate the image.

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20
Q

What are the characteristics of the center ray in an optical system?

A

The center ray is a light ray which reflects off the top of an object, and impacts the optic directly in the center.## FootnoteThe center ray is undeflected by reflecting off/refracting through the optic. It travels in a straight line, and can be used to help locate the image.

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21
Q

What makes a mirror converging?

A

A mirror is converging if any inbound light ray which is parallel to the mirror’s principal axis crosses the axis after reflecting off the mirror.## FootnoteConverging mirrors are concave in shape.

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22
Q

What is the radius of curvature of a converging mirror?

A

The radius of curvature of a mirror is the radius of the sphere of which the mirror is a small portion.

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23
Q

How does the radius of curvature of a converging mirror compare to the mirror’s focal length?

A

For all spherical mirrors, the focal length is one-half the radius of curvature.

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24
Q

When is the image of an optical system real?

A

An optical system projects a real image when light rays reflected off/transmitted through the optic cross after the reflection/transmission.## FootnoteExamples of real images include the images on movie screens and the image your eye produces on your retina.

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25
Q

When is the image of an optical system virtual?

A

An optical system projects a virtual image when light rays reflected off/transmitted through the optic are diverging away from one another.## FootnoteExamples of virtual images include the images created by flat mirrors and magnifying glasses.

26
Q

An optical system consists of an object and a single converging mirror. If the object is a distance between f and 2f from the optic, what are the properties of the final image?

A

The image is further from the optic than the object is, and the image is real, magnified, and inverted.## FootnoteFind where the parallel, focal, and center rays cross after reflecting off the mirror to locate the image. Since the rays cross after reflection, the image is real.

27
Q

An optical system consists of an object and a single converging mirror. If the object is at the focal length f, what are the properties of the final image?

A

No image is formed.## FootnoteThe parallel and center rays are parallel to one another after reflecting off the mirror. Since the rays never cross after reflection, no image is formed.

28
Q

An optical system consists of an object and a single converging mirror. If the object is inside the focal length f, what are the properties of the final image?

A

The image is further from the optic than the object is, and the image is virtual, magnified, and upright.## FootnoteThe parallel and center rays are diverging after reflecting off the mirror. To locate the image, the rays much be projected behind the mirror to the point where they cross. Since only the virtual rays cross, the image is virtual.

29
Q

What is the image equation (also known as the lens equation) used to calculate?

A

The image equation relates an optical system’s focal length to its object and image distance.## FootnoteThe image equation reads: 1/f = 1/o + 1/iwhere f = focal length of the optic (lens or mirror) o = distance between optic and object i = distance between optic and image

30
Q

What is the focal length of a converging mirror?

A

The focal length is the distance from the mirror to the focal point. Rays parallel to the optical axis cross at the focal point after reflecting off the mirror.## FootnoteThe focal length of any spherical optic is one-half its radius of curvature.

31
Q

What is the magnification of an optical system?

A

A optical system’s magnification is the ratio of the size of the image to the size of the object.## FootnoteMagnification can be calculated from the image and object distance of the optical system. The magnification m is calculated as: m = -(i/o)

32
Q

What does the sign of the magnification of an optical system indicate about the image?

A

The sign of the magnification indicates the direction of the image.## FootnoteIf m > 0, the image is upright. If m < 0, the image is inverted.

33
Q

What does the magnitude of the magnification of an optical system indicate about the image?

A

The magnitude of the magnification indicates the size of the image.## FootnoteIf |m| > 1, the image is magnified, larger than the object. If |m| < 1, the image is reduced, smaller than the object.

34
Q

For an optical system, if the object and image distance are o = 30 cm and i = 60 cm, respectively, what is the magnification of the image?

A

m = -2## FootnoteRemember, m = -i/o; so for this system:m = -i/o = -(60/30) = -2So the image is inverted, and twice as tall as the object.

35
Q

For an optical system, if the object and image distance are o = 20 cm and i = -10 cm, respectively, what is the magnification of the image?

A

m = +½## FootnoteRemember, m = -i/o; so for this system:m = -i/o = -((-10)/20) = +½So the image is upright, and half as tall as the object.

36
Q

What makes a mirror diverging?

A

A mirror is diverging if any inbound light ray which is parallel to the principal axis points away from the axis after reflecting off the mirror.## FootnoteAll diverging mirrors are convex in shape.

37
Q

What does an optic’s focal length indicate about its properties?

A

An optic’s focal length indicates the converging or diverging nature of the optic.## FootnoteIf f > 0, the optic is converging. If f < 0, the optic is diverging. If f = infinity, the optic is planar.

38
Q

For an optical system made up of a single mirror, if the object distance is o = 30 cm and the image distance is i = -30 cm, what type is the mirror?

A

f = infinity, and the mirror is planar.## FootnoteGiven i and o, f can be calculated as:1/f = 1/o + 1/i = 1/30 + 1/(-30) = 0 f = infinityPlanar mirrors produce virtual images, and i = -o.

39
Q

For an optical system made up of a single mirror, if the object distance is o = 15 cm and the image distance is i = 30 cm, what type is the mirror?

A

f = 10 cm, and the mirror is converging.## FootnoteGiven i and o, f can be calculated as:1/f = 1/o + 1/i = 1/15 + 1/30 = 3/30 f = 30/3 = 10 cm

40
Q

What is the radius of curvature of a diverging mirror?

A

The radius of curvature of a diverging mirror is the radius of the sphere of which the mirror is a small portion.

41
Q

How does the radius of curvature of a diverging mirror compare to the mirror’s focal length?

A

For all spherical mirrors, the focal length is one-half the radius of curvature.

42
Q

What is the focal length of a diverging mirror?

A

The focal length is the distance from the mirror to the focal point. Virtual extensions of rays parallel to the principal axis cross at the focal point after reflecting off the mirror.## FootnoteThe focal length of any spherical optic is one-half its radius of curvature.

43
Q

An optical system consists of an object and a single diverging mirror. What are the properties of the final image?

A

The image is closer to the optic than the object is, and the image is virtual, reduced, and upright.## FootnoteVirtual extensions of the parallel and center rays cross behind the mirror after reflection; this is where the image is located. Since only the virtual rays cross after reflection, the image is virtual.

44
Q

For an optical system made up of a single mirror, if the object distance is o = 30 cm and the image distance is i = -15 cm, what type is the mirror?

A

f = -30 cm, and the mirror is diverging.## FootnoteGiven i and o, f can be calculated as:1/f = 1/o + 1/i = 1/30 + 1/(-15) = -1/30 f = -30 cm

45
Q

What makes a lens converging?

A

A lens is converging if any inbound light ray which is parallel to the optical axis crosses the axis after refracting through the lens.## FootnoteConverging lenses are convex in shape.

46
Q

What is the focal length of a converging lens?

A

The focal length is the distance from the lens to the focal point. Rays parallel to the principal axis cross at the focal point after refracting through the lens.

47
Q

An optical system consists of an object and a single converging lens. If the object is a distance between f and 2f from the optic, where are the properties of the final image?

A

The image is further from the optic than the object is, and the image is real, magnified, and inverted.## FootnoteFind where the parallel, focal, and center rays cross after refracting through the lens to locate the image. Since the rays cross after refraction, the image is real.

48
Q

An optical system consists of an object and a single converging lens. If the object is at the focal length f, what are the properties of the final image?

A

No image is formed.## FootnoteThe parallel and center rays are parallel to one another after refracting through the lens. Since the rays never cross after refraction, no image is formed.

49
Q

An optical system consists of an object and a single converging lens. If the object is inside the focal length f, what are the properties of the final image?

A

The image is further from the optic than the object is, and the image is virtual, magnified, and upright.## FootnoteThe parallel and center rays are diverging after refracting through the lens. To locate the image, the rays much be projected behind the lens to the point where they cross. Since only the virtual rays cross, the image is virtual.

50
Q

For an optical system made up of a single lens, if the object distance is o = 20 cm. and the image distance is i = 20 cm, what type is the lens?

A

f = 10 cm, and the lens is converging.## FootnoteGiven i and o, f can be calculated as:1/f = 1/o + 1/i = 1/20 + 1/20 = 1/10 f = 10 cm

51
Q

What makes a lens diverging?

A

A lens is diverging if any inbound light ray which is parallel to the principal axis points away from the axis after refracting through the lens.## FootnoteDiverging lenses are concave in shape.

52
Q

What is the focal length of a diverging lens?

A

The focal length is the distance from the lens to the focal point. Virtual extensions of rays parallel to the principal axis cross at the focal point after refracting through the mirror.

53
Q

An optical system consists of an object and a single diverging lens. What are the properties of the final image?

A

The image is closer to the optic than the object is, and the image is virtual, reduced, and upright.## FootnoteVirtual extensions of the parallel and center rays cross behind the lens after refraction; this is where the image is located. Since only the virtual rays cross after refraction, the image is virtual.

54
Q

For an optical system made up of a single lens, if the object distance is o = 30 cm. and the image distance is i = -15 cm, what type is the lens?

A

f = -30 cm, and the lens is diverging.## FootnoteGiven i and o, f can be calculated as:1/f = 1/o + 1/i = 1/30 + 1/(-15) = -1/30 f = -30 cm

55
Q

Define:a diopter

A

A diopter is a unit of strength for an optical element.## FootnoteIt is calculated by taking the reciprocal of the focal length: d = 1/fFocal lengths are typically reported in m, so 1 diopter is 1 m-1.

56
Q

Which lens bends light more severely, a 2 diopter lens or an 8 diopter lens?

A

The 8 diopter lens bends light more.## FootnoteThe shorter a lens’ focal length, the more quickly light converges on the optical axis after passing through the lens. The focal length of the 2 diopter lens is 1/2 m, while that of the 8 diopter lens is 1/8 m. The 8 diopter lens, with its shorter focal length, bends light more.

57
Q

If a 2 diopter lens is combined with a 3 diopter lens, what is the approximate strength of the combined lens system?

A

The combined lens system has a strength of approximately 5 diopters.## FootnoteA convenience of the diopter system is that it is roughly additive; when multiple elements are combined, their overall diopter rating is roughly the sum of the strength of each individual element.

58
Q

Define:chromatic aberration of a lens

A

Chromatic aberration is the characteristic colored halo around an image created by a lens.## FootnoteThis occurs due to dispersion. Different colors of light will focus at different points, so an image created by a lens of an object illuminated by white light will appear blurred.

59
Q

Define:spherical aberration of an optic

A

Spherical aberration is the characteristic blurriness of an image created by a real spherical lens.## FootnoteSpherical optics focus light rays well, so long as the light rays are near the center of the optic. Light rays near the optic’s edge, however, will not focus at exactly the same point, so images including light rays from the optic’s edge will appear blurred.

60
Q

How can the overall magnification of a system of multiple optics be calculated?

A

The overall magnification of a system of multiple optics is simply the product of the magnification of each of the individual optics.

61
Q

The object of an optical system with two lenses is 15 cm tall. If the magnification of the lenses is m1 = +2 and m2 = +1/3, respectively, what is the overall height of the final image?

A

The final image is 10 cm tall## FootnoteThe overall magnification of the system is the product of the two magnification.mtot = m1m2 = (2) (1/3) = 2/3So the final image is upright, and 2/3 the height of the original object; 10 cm overall.

62
Q

If a microscope has a 10x eyepiece and a 40x objective, how large will a 10 µm object appear?

A

The object will appear to be 4 mm.## FootnoteThe overall magnification is (10) (40) = 400x, so the final image size is:10x10-6 * 400 = 4x10-3 m