Optho & ENT Flashcards
When does an infant start to fix on a face?
2 months
When does an infant have good colour vision?
5 months
What is amblyopia?
- Decreased best corrected visual acuity
- Cannot be explained by structural causes in the eye
- Persists even when other causes of decrease acuity are immediately corrected (such as refractive error)
- Caused by abnormal visual experience during early childhood
- Suppression of visual development “in the brain” before age 10 years
What are treatment options for amblyopia?
- Intense treatment early in life = highest chance of success
- However, it is never too late to attempt treatment of amblyopia
- Options:
- Refractive error correction
- Spectables/contact lenses
- Occlusion therapy = patching
- Cycloplegic eye drops (atropine) prevent accommodation
- Refractive error correction
What is strabismus?
Misalignment of the eyes. Can be eso, exo, hypo and hypertropia. Amblyopia can cause strabismus
What is the treatment for infantile, early onset esotropia?
Surgery as early as possible! Strabismus in first 3 months of life however is normal
What is accomodative esotropia?
- Typically presents at age 18 months to 5 years
- Worse at near than at distance
- Significant risk of causing amblyopia
How would a cranial nerve 3 palsy present?
Eye down and out (hypotropia with exotropia), ptosis and dilated pupil (mydriasis)
How does bacterial conjunctivitis present and what is the treatment?
Red eye with purulent green/yellow discharge. Typically community acquired is self limited (70% improve by 48hrs). Antibiotic treatment only needed to limit transmission and duration. Any topical antibiotic at appropriate dose x 7 days is effective
* Example:
* Fusidic acid BID
* Polymyxin B sulfate/gramidicidin QID
* Ofloxacin q2-4h x 48 hours then QID
What is glaucoma?
Increased intraocular pressure that can damage optic nerve. Presents as tearing, photophobia, squinting in light
What is a coloboma? What syndrome is it associated with?
A coloboma is incomplete fusion of the embryonic optic cup, incomplete fusion of the iris. Associated with CHARGE syndrome
What is retinoblastoma?
Malignant tumour of developing retinal cells, an RB1 gene mutation which is a tumour suppressor gene. Presents commonly as leukocoria.
Who qualifies for ROP screening?
Anyone born less then 31 weeks OR birthweight <1250g
When should ROP screening begin?
When CGA 31 weeks for all those born before 27 weeks and 4 weeks post for all those born at 28 weeks and later
When does croup typically present and what common viruses cause it?
Croup typically presents at age 6 months to 3 years of age. Typical viruses that cause it are parainfluenza types 1 and 3.
