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Y3 revision boards > Optho > Flashcards

Optho Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 6 (7) extrinsic muscles of the eyes?

A

The superior and inferior oblique
Superior, inferior, lateral and medial rectus
(Levator palpebrae superioris)

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2
Q

What muscles does CN III (oculomotor) innervate?

A

Inferior, superior and medial rectus
Infefiro oblique
(Levator palpebrae superioris)

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3
Q

What muscle(s) does CN IV (trochlear) innervate?

A

Superior oblique

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4
Q

What muscle(s) does CN VI (Abducens) innervate?

A

Lateral rectus

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5
Q

What are the 3 components of the pupillary light reflex?

A

Sensory: Ipsilateral optic nerve
Relay: CNS fibres of the midbrain
Motor: Bilateral via oculomotor nerves

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6
Q

A lesion of the right temporal lobe would cause a loss of which area of sight?

A

Left upper quadrantanopia

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7
Q

A lesion of the left parietal lobe would cause a loss of which area of sight?

A

Bilateral right lower quadrantanopia

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8
Q

A lesion of the right optic tract would cause a loss of which area of sight?

A

Bilateral left hemianopia

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9
Q

A lesion of the left optic nerve would cause a loss of which area of sight?

A

Unilateral total left sides vision loss

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10
Q

A lesion of the optic chiasm would cause a loss of which area of sight?

A

Bitemporal hemianopia

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11
Q

What are the differentials of acute painful vision loss? (2)

A

Closed-angle glaucoma

Central retinal vein occlusion

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12
Q

What are the differentials of acute painless vision loss? (5)

A 
Vitreous haemorrhage
Wet macular degeneration
Retinal detachment
Central retinal artery occlusion
Ischaemic optic neuropathy
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13
Q

Fundoscopic appearance; vitreous haemorrhage

A

lots of blood

Background cotton wool spots

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14
Q

Fundoscopic appearance; wet macular degeneration

A

Multiple small vessels with small haemorrhages

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15
Q

Fundoscopic appearance; retinal detachment

A

line through the fundus

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16
Q

Fundoscopic appearance; central retinal artery occlusion

A

Pale retina with a cherry red spot

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17
Q

Fundoscopic appearance; central retinal vein occlusion

A

Deep red retina with torturous swollen vessels

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18
Q

Fundocopic appearance; ischaemic optic neuropathy

A

Swollen optic nerve

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19
Q

Management; Vitreous haemorrhage

A

Laser surgery (cautery); slow recovery

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20
Q

Management; Wet macular degeneration

A

Laser surgey

Intra-vitreal anti-VEGF injections

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21
Q

Management; Retinal detachment

A

Surgical repair

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22
Q

Management; Closed-angle glaucoma

A 
Topical timolol (reduces aqueous humour production)
Oral acetazolamide (carbonic acid anhydrase inhibitor)
Pilocarpine (miotic)
Iridotomy (surgery to drain anterior chamber)
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23
Q

Management; Stroke

A

Urgent investigation

Anti-coagulation OR surgical intervention

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24
Q

Management; central retinal artery occlusion

A 
Intravitreal urokinase (fibrinolyitic)
Fluid drainage (damage is due to pressure)
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25
Q

Management; central retinal vein occlusion

A

Beclamizumab (intra-vitreal anti-VEGF)

Intra-vitreal steroids

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26
Q

Management; ischaemic optic neuropathy

A

None; focus on prevention

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27
Q

What are the 6 common causes of gradual vision loss?

A 
Cataract
Refractive error
Dry macular degeneration
Papilloedema
Glaucoma
Diabetic neuropathy
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28
Q

Characteristic Sx: Cataracts

A

Cloudy lens

29
Q

Characteristic Sx: Refractive error

A

Issues when “changing” distance

30
Q

Characteristic Sx: Dry macular degeneration

A

Blurred central vision

31
Q

Characteristic Sx: Papilloedema

A

Enlarged blind spot

32
Q

Characteristic Sx: Glaucoma

A

Loss of peripheral vision

33
Q

Characteristic Sx: diabetic neuropathy

A

Vision worse when hyperglycaemic (fluctuating vision)

34
Q

Mx: cataract

A

Surgery (phacoemulsification + lens replacement)

35
Q

Mx: refractive error

A

Corective lenses

36
Q

Mx: dry macular degeneration

A

Irreversible

Magnification to help QOL

37
Q

Mx: papilloedema

A

Diuretics (bendroflumathiazide)
Acetazolamide (carbonic anhydrase inhibitor)

IF SOL remove it

38
Q

Mx: glaucoma

A

Timolol (reduces aqueous humour production)

Acetazolamide (carbonic acid anhydrase inhibitor)

39
Q

Mx: Diabetic neuropathy

A

Laser therapy (vitreous haemorrhage prophylaxis)
Anti-VEGF
Control blood sugar

40
Q

Fundoscopic appearance; dry macular degeneration

A

Lots of exudate

41
Q

Fundoscopic appearance; diabetic neuropathy

A

Cotton wool spots
Hard exudate
flame haemorrhages
New vessels

42
Q

Fundoscopic appearance; papilloedema

A

Optic disc cupping

43
Q

What is a subconjunctival haemorrhage?

A

A harmless bleed into the subconjunctival space

44
Q

What is scleritis?

A

Severe inflammation of the sclera; usually occurs post-surgery

45
Q

What is keratitis?

A

Inflammation of the cornea; usually happens to people who wear contact lenses

46
Q

What is episcleritis?

A

Inflammation of the episclera; usually for an idiopathic reason

47
Q

What is endophtalmitis?

A

A purulent infection of the intraocular fluids

48
Q

What is uveitis?

A

Inflammation of the uvea; commonly due to inflammatory spread or less commonly infection

49
Q

What is conjunctivitis?

A

Inflammation of the conjunctiva; commonly due to a bacterial or viral infection

50
Q

Corneal abrasion?

A

Self-resolving trauma to the epithelium of the cornea

51
Q

Mx; subconjunctival haemorrhage

A

Reassurance and self-limiting

52
Q

Sx: subconjunctival haemorrhage

A

bright red blood with well-defined borders; no vision loss +/- discomfort

53
Q

Sx: scleritis

A

Severe progressive eye pain over several days

54
Q

Mx: scleritis

A

NSAIDs
Moderate: oral steroids
Severe: systemic immunosuppression

55
Q

Sx: keratitis

A

Photophobia
severe eye pain
Foreign body sensation

56
Q

Mx: non-infective keratitis

A

Self-limiting

57
Q

Mx: infective keratitis

A

Chloramphenicol (topical antibiotic)

58
Q

Sx: episcleritis

A

Foreign body sensation

Globe tenderness

59
Q

Mx: episcleritis

A

Self limiting 1-2/52

Support; NSAIDs topical lubricants

60
Q

Sx: endophthalmitis

A

Extreme eye pain

Hypopyon (pus in the anterior chamber)

61
Q

Mx: endophthalmitis

A

Intravitreal Amikacin (aminoglycoside antibiotic)

62
Q

Sx: Uveitis

A

Sudden onset of deep/aching pain
Pupillary constriction
Photophobia

63
Q

Mx: Uveitis

A

Dexamethasone + tropicamide (mydriatic)

64
Q

Sx: Bacterial conjunctivitis

A

Red itchy eye

Purulent discharge

65
Q

Sx: Viral conjunctivitis

A

Red itchy eye

Watery discharge

66
Q

Mx: Bacterial conjunctivitis

A

Chloramphenicol

67
Q

Mx: Viral conjunctiivits

A

Supportive care

68
Q

Sx: corneal abrasion

A

gritty feeling
pain
photophobia +/- headache

69
Q

Mx: corneal abrasion

A

Self-resolving

Y3 revision boards (6 decks)

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