Opthalmology

Question 1

Keith-Wagener-Barker classification of hypertensive retinopathy

Answer 1

Grade 1: mild, generalised constriction of retinal arterioles

Grade 2: definite focal narrowing of retinal arterioles and AV nicking

Grade 3: grade 2 with flame-shaped haemorrhages, cotton-wool spots and hard exudates

Grade 4: severe grade three retinopathy with papilloedema (optic disc swelling) or signs of retinal oedema