Opthal 1

Question 1

Function of tear film (3)
Components of tear film (3)

Answer 1

1. Provides Smooth ocular surface so light rays can be refracted uniformly
2. lubrication so no friction between eyeball and lids
3. antibacterial
4. surface lipid layer via meibomian glands
5. middle aq layer via lacrimal glands
6. inner mucus layer via goblet cells

Question 2

Stye:

• Definition
• Risk factors
• Causative organism
• Symptoms
• Management

Answer 2

Stye:

• Definition: hordeolum externum, infection of glands zeis/moll/eyelash follicle
• Causative organism: aures
• Symptoms: painful red lump on eyelid, pus
• Management: warm compresses, analgesia, if assoc conjunctivitis then chloramphenicol

Question 3

Chalazion:

• Definition
• Symptoms
• Management
• Complications

Answer 3

Chalazion:

• Definition: hordeolum internum, meibomian cyst. Meibomian gland blocked with lipids + swells
• Symptoms: swelling eyelid, firm, more painful
• Management: warm compresses, massage to encourage drainage, surgical drainage
• Complications: infection, cellulitis, rupture, scarrring

Question 4

Blepharitis

• Definition
• Causes
• Symptoms
• Signs
• Investigations
• Management
• Complications

Answer 4

Blepharitis

• Definition: inflamm of eyelid margins due meibomian glands/s aures/seborrhoeic dysfunction
• Risk factors: rosacea
• Symptoms: gritty, itchy, dry, sore eyelids, sticky in morning
• Signs: inflammed lid margins, blocked glands, margin crusting, inflammed conjunctiva
• Investigations: punctate corneal staining with fluorescein
• Management: warm compresses, cleaning eyelids, abx, artificial tears
• Complications: styes, chalazions, conjunctivitis

Question 5

Entropion:

• Definition
• Causes
• Complications
• Management

Ectropion:

• Definition
• Complications
• Management

Question 6

Trichiasis:

• Definition
• Symptoms
• Management

Question 7

Periorbital cellulitis:

• Definition
• Causative organisms
• Why more common in children
• Pre vs post septal
• Symptoms and signs of preseptal
• Symptoms and signs of postseptal
• Investigations
• Management
• Complications

Question 8

Cataracts:

• Definition
• Types of cataracts (3)
• Risk factors
• Symptoms
• Signs
• Investigations
• Management + complications of surgery
• Complications
• What is congenital cataracts + causes