OPT2 - P3 (SHARA) Flashcards
Motion repeating at regular intervals (e.g., swings, waves).
Periodic Motion
Specific periodic motion where an object oscillates around an equilibrium point. Example: Pendulum
Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM)
A weight swinging freely from a fixed point under gravity’s influence.
Pendulum
Distance from the suspension point to the bob’s center.
Length (l)
Time for one complete oscillation.
Period (T)
Oscillations per second (reciprocal of period).
Frequency (F)
Distance traveled from equilibrium to one side.
Linear Displacement (x)
Angle from equilibrium to one side.
Angular Displacement (θ)
Vibrations transferring energy.
Waves
Require a medium to travel (e.g., sound, water waves).
Mechanical Waves
Don’t require a medium (e.g., light, radio waves).
Electromagnetic Waves
Ordered by frequency, from lowest to highest: radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, X-rays, gamma rays.
Electromagnetic Spectrum
Transfer energy through a medium or via electromagnetic radiation.
Progressive Waves
Remain in a fixed position.
Stationary Waves
Oscillation perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation.
Transverse Waves
Oscillation parallel to wave propagation.
Longitudinal Waves
The study of light behavior.
Optics
Deals with tracing light rays (e.g., reflection, refraction, image formation).
Geometrical Optics
“When the light is reflected from a smooth reflecting surface, the angle and its reflected ray makes with the normal surface is equal to the angle of the incident makes with the surface normal.”
Reflection
Ratio of light speed in a vacuum (c) to speed in a medium (v): n = c/v.
Index of Refraction
Light rays converge at a point, can be projected onto a screen, inverted.
Converging (Convex)
Thinner in the center, diverging light rays.
Diverging (Concave)
Light rays converge at a point, can be projected onto a screen, inverted.
Real Images
Light rays appear to diverge from a point, cannot be projected, upright.
Virtual Images
Distortions in image formation due to lens/mirror limitations.
Aberrations
Light rays from lens edges focusing differently than those near the center.
Spherical Aberration
Unit of lens power, the inverse of focal length in meters (P = 1/f).
Dioptres (D)
Study of energy, its transformations, and relationship to matter.
Thermodynamics
Fixed mass, energy can cross boundaries.
Closed System
Both mass and energy can cross boundaries.
Open System
No interaction with surroundings.
Isolated System
Internal energy (sensible, latent, chemical, atomic).
Macroscopic
Defined by properties of a system.
State & Equilibrium:State
No unbalanced forces within a system (thermal, mechanical, phase, chemical).
Equilibrium
