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AY13 GB History - 3 Society in Transition, 1918-79 > (Opportunities for Women) The right to vote & political advancement, 1918-1979 > Flashcards

(Opportunities for Women) The right to vote & political advancement, 1918-1979 Flashcards

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1
Q

Interwar - THE VOTE

What gave women over 30 the right to vote (men 21)?
Who was this largely reserved for due to specifics of the legislation?

A

1918 ROPA

Educated & respected middle-class women

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2
Q

Interwar - THE VOTE

What percentage of the electorate was made up of women in the Dec 1918 election?
Why was this partly due to?

A

43% (8.4 million)

Many male voters died in WW1

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3
Q

Interwar - THE VOTE

When did working-class women receive the vote?
What else was significant about this?
A

1928 ROPA

All women could now vote the same age as men (21)

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4
Q

Interwar - POLITICS

What did women in politics face?
Give evidence.

A

Prejudice & petty restrictions

They weren’t allowed to use the commons dining room.

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5
Q

Interwar - POLITICS

What percentage of MPs were women in the interwar years?

A

Never above 5%

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6
Q

Interwar - POLITICS

Who were women naturally more drawn towards?
Why?

A

Labour

They were known as the party for social reform.

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7
Q

Interwar - POLITICS

How is it evident that women were naturally more drawn to the Labour Party?

A

There was 9 female Labour MPs

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8
Q

Interwar - POLITICS

Where were women more influential?
How is it evident that this was still very limited?

A

A local level

Less than 15% of local councillors were women.

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9
Q

Interwar - POLITICS

Summarise how women in politics looked in the interwar years.

A

They had very limited political progression.

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10
Q

Interwar - EMPLOYMENT

How did both wars change work for women?
How did this change?

A

Given a significant role in the workplace.

Many advances were lost after the war.

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11
Q

Interwar - EMPLOYMENT

What did the fact that the number of employed women returned to 1914 levels after WW1 show?

A

A return to traditional ideas about gender that existed before the war.

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12
Q

Interwar - EMPLOYMENT

What did ‘women’s work’ usually consist of?
Who did this?

A

Cooks, maids & cleaners etc

Working-class women.

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13
Q

Interwar - EMPLOYMENT

Working-class women usually did 'women's work'.
What work did middle-class women dominate?
Give evidence of this existing.
A

Clerical jobs eg secretaries

1 million in 1921 → 1.3 in 1931.

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14
Q

Interwar - EMPLOYMENT

There was _____ employment for women in ‘______ _________’ in the _____ with ___________ pay.

A

a) some
b) ‘light industries’
c) south
d) uncompetitive pay

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15
Q

Interwar - EMPLOYMENT

Who dominated the suffrage campaign?
What didn’t they want?

A

Middle-class women

Working-class women to get the vote.

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16
Q

Interwar - EMPLOYMENT

What were some of the gradual improvements that the women’s suffrage campaign achieved?

A

Sex Disqualification Act 1919 - universities accepted more women and lifted civil service & law bans - largely reserved for the middle-class.

17
Q

Interwar - EMPLOYMENT

The women’s suffrage campaign was becoming more prominent in the interwar years.
What is evidence of many injustices still existing regarding employment?
(3)

A

21/6,000 female architects

Civil service was open but none posted overseas.

Marriage bar still existed.

18
Q

Interwar - EMPLOYMENT

What was the marriage bar?
Give an example.

A

Women were required to leave their jobs in some professions if they got married.

Teaching

19
Q

1939-1951 - WW2

What created an increase for opportunities for women regarding employment?
Give evidence.

A

Demands for total war.

20
Q

1939-1951 - WW2 EMPLOYMENT

Give evidence of how WW2 provided employment opportunities for women.

(3)

A

Women’s Land Army (1944, 80,000 women in farming)

Munitions factories

Translators & analysts

21
Q

1939-1951 - WW2 IMPACT

What are the 3 main impacts of WW2 regarding employment for women?

A

Better paid with new skills & confidence.

New levels of importance & seniority.

Opportunity to work with men in the war gave them sense of participation, missing in everyday life.

22
Q

1939-1951 - ATTLEE’S GOVERNMENT

When did Attlee become PM?
What party?

A

1945

Labour

23
Q

1939-1951 - ATTLEE’S GOVERNMENT

What is significant about Attlee’s government that went against expectations?
How is this evident?

A

Didn’t want the social upheaval of war to result in significant social change.

Didn’t encourage women to stay in wartime roles - those who remained were usually in industries for women.

24
Q

1939-1951 - ATTLEE’S GOVERNMENT

How was progression evident during Attlee’s labour government?

A

Some employers started removing the marriage bar from 1946.

25
Q

1939-1951 - ATTLEE’S GOVERNMENT

How did a report show women felt about returning to a domestic role after WW2?
How is this evident?

A

They were uncertain about working life and happy to have some sense of morality in their domestic role after WW2.

Ingrained standards from previous generations.

26
Q

1951-1979 - ECONOMIC ADVANCEMENTS

What did the end of the marriage bar mean?

A

More women worked for longer - 50% of married women stayed in their jobs by 1972.

27
Q

1951-1979 - ECONOMIC ADVANCEMENTS

What was a norm until the late 50s?
On average, how did women’s pay compare to men?

A

Unequal pay

40% less

28
Q

1951-1979 - ECONOMIC ADVANCEMENTS

How is there evidence of progression regarding equal pay BEFORE the Equal Pay Act of 1970?

A

In 1958, the NHS, education system and civil service introduced equal pay for all employees.

29
Q

1951-1979 - ECONOMIC ADVANCEMENTS

What was the Dagenham Sewing Machinists Strike in 1968?
What was the long-term significance?

A

A number of female sewing machinists in the Ford Motor Company Factory in Dagenham went on strike after they found they were making 15% less in wages than men doing the same job and striked for 3 weeks.

Raised the issue of unequal pay and one of main causes for The Equal Pay Act of 1970.

30
Q

1951-1979 - ECONOMIC ADVANCEMENTS

What was one of the main causes for the Equal Pay Act of 1970?

A

The Dagenham Sewing Machinists Strike in 1968

31
Q

1951-1979 - LEGISLATION

What are the 2 main pieces of legislation and what did they do?

A

The Equal Pay Act 1970 - ensured equal pay for the same job.

The Sex Discrimination Act 1975 - discrimination based on sex or marital status illegal in the workplace & established the Equal Opportunities Commission.

32
Q

1951-1979 - LEGISLATION

One of the things the Sex Discrimination Act 1975 set up was the Equal Opportunities Commission.
What did this do?

A

Ensured women had legal protection against harassment and discrimination in the workplace.

33
Q

1951-1979 - LEGISLATION

The _____ ____ Act of 19__ had been a ______ in ________ _______ since 19__.

A

a) The Equal Pay
b) 1970
c) pledge
d) Labour’s manifesto
e) 1959

34
Q

1951-1979 - POLITICAL ADVANCEMENTS

Why are reasons to explain why women did not progress politically?

A

Prejudice and widespread belief that women would be too busy with domestic duties to fulfill the role of MP.

35
Q

1951-1979 - POLITICAL ADVANCEMENTS

Summarise how women in politics changed in 1959-1979?

A

There was very little progression.

36
Q

1951-1979 - LIMITATIONS

What did women face?
What did this become a key proponent of?

A

Prejudice in politics & the workplace.

2nd wave feminism.

37
Q

1951-1979 - LIMITATIONS

What did female representation in Parliament look like?

A

Very small - the highest percentage of female MPs being 4.6% in 1964.

AY13 GB History - 3 Society in Transition, 1918-79 (9 decks)

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