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LECOM OPP/H&P (2022-2024) > OPP Exam 1 > Flashcards

OPP Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Definition of Osteopathic Medicine

A

A comprehensive system of healthcare based upon holisitic evaluation and treatment of patients to the obtain the best possible outcome in medical care

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2
Q

Art of Osteopathic Medicine

A

“Use of sensitive palpatory diagnostic skills and osteopathic manipulative treatment to assist in facillitating the patient’s own healing abilities”

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3
Q

Major difference between allopathic and osteopathic medicine

A

200 hours of neuromusculoskeletal medicine, OMT, and osteopathic philosophy and art

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4
Q

What best defines osteopathic medicine?

A

“Utilizing our palpatory skills and OMT to facilitate the patient’s own healing ability”

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5
Q

In which way does osteopathic medicine differ from allopathic medicine?

A

Osteopathic training includes 200 hours of neuromusculoskeletal training

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6
Q

What is the year osteopathic medicine started?

A

”"”He flung the banner of osteopathy into the breeze in 1874”” -> 1874”

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7
Q

What year did the first osteopathic medical school open?

A

1892

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8
Q

Why did AT Still develop osteopathic medicine?

A

He lost his first wife, 3 of his children, and his father.

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9
Q

Osteopathic principles

A
  1. Human being is a unit<br></br>2. Structure equals function<br></br>3. Body is capable of self-regulation, self-healing, and health maintenance - homeostasis<br></br>4. Rational treatment is based upon an understanding of the first 3 principles
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10
Q

Osteopathic models

A
  1. Biomechanical -> structural<br></br>2. Respiratory -> circulatory<br></br>3. Metabolic -> nutritional<br></br>4. Neurological<br></br>5. Behavioral - biopsyschosocial
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11
Q

OMT/OMM definition

A

Therapeutic use of the hands to restore normal structure (anatomy) and function (physiology)

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12
Q

SOAP note

A

S - subjective<br></br>O - objective<br></br>A - assessment<br></br>P - plan

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13
Q

T.A.R.T. Changes

A

T - Tissue texture abnormalities (tension)<br></br>A - Asymmetry of tissue/joint motion<br></br>R - Restricted ROM of tissue/joint<br></br>T - Tenderness

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14
Q

Somatic Dysfunction

A

Impaired or altered function of related components of the somatic (body framework) system: includes skeletal, anthrodial, and myofasical structures, and related vascular, lymphatic and neural elements

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15
Q

Biomechanical model

A

Anatomy of muscles, spine, extremities; posture, motion, tensegrity<br></br>OMT -> normalizing mechanical somatic dysfunction, structural integrity, physiological function, homeostasis

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16
Q

Respiratory - circulatory model

A

Emphasizes pulmonary, circulatory, and fluid (lymphatics, CSF) systems<br></br>Goal -> normalize blood and lymphatic flow, diaphragm function, tissue oxygenation

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17
Q

Metabolic model

A

Emphasizes homeostatic adaptive mechanisms through +/- feedback loops to regulate energy exchange and conservation through metabolic processes<br></br>Lifestyle changes, nutritional counselling<br></br>OMT -> lymphatic pump, visceral techniques

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18
Q

Neurologic model

A

Emphasizes CNS, PNS, and ANS that control, coordinate and integrate body functions<br></br>OMT -> normalizing neurological functioning, balancing the autonomic nervous system (ANS), proprioception, homeostasis

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19
Q

Behavioral model

A

Mental, emotional, social and spirtual dimensions related to health and disease<br></br>Depression, anxiety, stress, habits, addictions, and other mind-body interactions<br></br>OMT -> gentle, guided imagery, hypnosis, gentle breathing exercises

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20
Q

Bioenergetic model

A

Study of how endogenous and exogenous energy sources/forms influence and control living systems and their environment<br></br>Bioenergy - energy produced endogenously by living systems

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21
Q

Biophysics

A

“an interdisciplinary science using methods of, and theories from, physics to study biological systems. Spans all scales of biological organization, from the molecular to whole organisms to ecosystems. Biophysical research overlaps with biochemistry, nanotechnology, bioengineering, computational biology and complex systems theory. Bridge between biology and physics”

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22
Q

Palpation

A

“<span>The application of variable manual pressures to</span><span>the surface of the body for the purpose of </span><span>determining the </span><span>shape, size, consistency, </span><span>position, inherent motility</span><span> and </span><span>health</span><span> of tissues </span><span>beneath</span>”

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23
Q

What information do you get from palpation?

A

Tissues, motions, rhythms

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24
Q

Functions of skin

A

Major organ of the body<br></br>Functions: protective covering, temperature regulation, sense of touch, excretory organ, absorbing organ, biochemical function

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25
Mechanoreceptors
Touch and proprioceptive 
26
Thermoreceptors 
Cooling and heat
27
Nociceptors 
Pain, itch, tickle, and tingling to stabbing 
28
What can you feel from palpation? 
Temperature, mositure/dryness, depth/thickness (tissue layers), textures (smooth, rough, hair), tissue tension, tenderness/irritability, swelling, elasticity, turgor (hydration), motions, barriers/ease 
29
Phases of Basic Palpation 
"1. Detection (“feeling”)
Through the development of psychomotor skills
2. Internal amplification (“seeing”)
“See” the structures that you are palpating by having a thorough knowledge of the anatomy
Create a visual mind-image
3. Analysis and interpretation (“thinking and knowing”)
Must be correlated with a knowledge of gross and functional anatomy, physiology, and pathophysiology. "
30
Acute tissue changes
Temp -> increase
Texture -> boggy, rough 
Moisture -> increased
Tension -> increased, rigid, board-like 
Tenderness -> greatest
Edema -> yes
Erythema test -> redness lasts 
31
Chronic tissue changes
"TEMP – decrease
TEXTURE – thin, smooth
MOISTURE – decreased
TENSION – slight increased, ropy, stringy
TENDERNESS – present - less
EDEMA - no
ERYTHEMA TEST – fades quickly or blanches"
32
Active ROM
movement produced voluntarily by the patient 
33
Passive ROM
motion induced by the osteopathic physcian while the patient remains passive or relaxed
34
Physiologic barrier 
-> limited by muscle length and angles 
-> limit of ACTIVE motion 
35
Anatomic barrier 
-> limited by joint architecture 
-> limit of PASSIVE range of motion 
36
Tissue disruption
Moving beyond the anatomic barrier 
37
Restrictive barrier 
-> A limit in the NORMAL physiologic range of motion 
-> Limit due to muscle/tendon/ligament tightness 
38
Pathologic barrier 
-> result of disease or trauma 
-> lies within the physiologic range of motion 
-> prevents symmetrical movement of joint within physiologic range of motion 
39
Direct manipulation 
"Restricted joint or tissue is taken in the direction of the restriction (barrier)
Physician’s force allows the joint or tissue to move beyond the restrictive barrier in motion"
40
Indirect manipulation
"Joint positioned away from the barrier toward the ease
Allows neural mechanisms or fascial tensions to be altered to permit improved motion"
41
Counterstain 
"An osteopathic method of diagnosis and indirect treatment in which the patient’s somatic dysfunction, diagnosed by an associated myofascial tender point, is treated by using a position of spontaneous tissue release while simultaneously monitoring the tender point."
42
Myofascial release technique 
"An osteopathic method of treatment which utilizes continual palpatory feedback to alleviate restriction of the somatic dysfunction and its related fascia and musculature"
43
Facilitated positional release 
"A treatment method in which a dysfunctional body region is addressed with a combination of neutral positioning, application of an activating force (compression, torsion, or distraction), and placement into position of
ease"
44
Balanced ligamentous tension 
"An osteopathic treatment that involves the minimization of periarticular tissue load and the placement of the affected ligaments in a position of equal tension in all appropriate planes so that the body’s inherent forces can resolve the somatic dysfunction"
45
Soft tissue technique 
"A group of direct techniques that usually involve lateral stretching , linear stretching, deep pressure, traction and/or separation of muscle origin, and insertion while monitoring tissue response and motion changes by palpation."
46
Inhibitory technique 
"A treatment method in which steady pressure is applied to soft tissues to reduce reflex activity and promote tissue relaxation"
47
Muscle energy 
"A form of osteopathic manipulative diagnosis and treatment in which the patient’s muscles are actively used on request, from a precisely controlled position, in a specific direction, and against a distinctly executed physician
counterforce"
48
High velocity low amplitude 
"An osteopathic method in which the restrictive barrier is engaged in one or more planes of motion and then a rapid, therapeutic force of brief duration traveling a short distance is applied within the anatomic range of motion"
49
Still technique 
"System of OMT developed by A.T. Still to treat specific tissues which exhibit
segmentally defined somatic dysfunction"
50
Planes of motion 
Transverse/horizontal plane -> vertical axis 
Coronal plane -> anterior/posterior AP axis 
Sagittal plane -> horizontal axis 
51
Ipsilateral 
same side 
52
Contralateral 
opposite side 
53
Concave 
surface curves inward like the inner side of a circle 
54
Convex 
surface curves outward like the outer side of a circle 
55
Superior 
situated higher up - can be both anterior or cephalad 
56
Inferior 
situated lower down - can be both posterior and caudad 
57
Landmarks for thoracic spine 
Mastoids
Shoulder
Inferior angle scapula 
Iliac crest
PSIS 
Greater trochanter 
58
Scoliosis 
Named according to the convexity 
Left -> levoscoliosis 
Right -> dextroscoliosis 
59
Key thing about scoliosis convexity 
NAME IT IN THE DIRECTION IT CURVES (NOT ANATOMICAL POSITION ALOKI)
60
Functional scoliosis 
-> muscle hypertonicity 
-> short leg syndrome 
-> compensation 
-> weak musculature 
61
Structural scoliosis 
-> idiopathic 
-> genetic? 
-> diagnosed in preteen or early teen years 
62
Review dermatomes
Okay 
63
What structures impact range of motion? 
Joints, muscles, tendon, ligaments, medical conditions, biotensegrity 
64
Tensegrity 
An architectural system in which structures stabilize themselves by balancing counteracting forces of compression and tension 
65
Fascia components 
Cells, ECM
66
Myofascia
Muscle + fascia 
67
Fascia major function
Helps regulate cell function (mechanotransduction) 
68
Layers of fascia 
-> pannicular (superficial) 
-> investing (deep) 
-> visceral 
-> meningeal 
69
Myofascial diagnosis major awareness
REQUIRES KNOWLEDGE OF ANATOMY 
70
Absolute contraindications 
Absence of somatic dysfunction, poor patient cooperation 
71
Relative contraindications 
"Open wounds, burns, abscesses, soft tissue infections, recent post-operative sites, aortic aneurysm, cancer"
72
Direct action
gentle forces toward the restrictive barrier 
73
Indirect action 
gentle forces are applied with the hand away from the restrictive barrier 
74
Unwinding 
"Gentle forces are applied indirectly in successive directions in a dynamic
manner. The tissue “unwinds” until the tissue reaches a state of balance"
75
Model definition 
"a set of ideas and numbers that describe the past, present, or future
state of something (such as an economy or a business)"
76
Adaptability 
ability to respond to stresses to meet needs of the system 
77
Plasticity 
ability to be formed, molded 
78
Elasticity 
recoverability after stretching 
79
Viscosity 
rate of deformation under load and capability to yield under stress (TART)
80
Colloid 
a non-precipitating suspension 
81
Mechanotransduction 
"Mechanical force acting on a cell membrane
• Opening of mechanosensitive pores
• Distortion of mechanosensitive proteins
• Signal transduction into the cell and nucleus
• Generation of a cellular response"
82
Piezoelectric phenomena 
Mechanical stress is transformed into electrical potentials and electrical potentials are transformed into mechanical motion
Examples: quartz crystal, collagen, bone 
83
"Wolff's Law"
Mechanical stress results in bone remodeling (piezoelectric)
Structure affects function
84
Biofield 
"complex, extremely weak EMF of the organism hypothesized to involve electromagnetic bioinformation for regulating homeodynamics"
85
Bioelectromagnetics 
study of the interaction between electromagnetic fields and biological living systems
86
Biofield therapy 
any therapeutic modality that interacts and changes the biofield and its manifestations 
87
FPR
"system of OMT that is utilized to normalize hypertonic voluntary muscles "
88
Who developed FPR
Stanley Schiowitz, DO in 1990 
89
FPR Contraindications 
"1. Moderate to severe joint instability
2. Herniated disc where the positioning could exacerbate the condition
3. Moderate to severe intervertebral foraminal stenosis, especially in the presence of radicular symptoms at the level to be treated if the positioning could cause exacerbation of the symptoms by further narrowing the foramen
4. Severe sprains and strains where the positioning may exacerbate the injury
5. Certain congenital anomalies or conditions in which the position needed to treat the dysfunction is not possible (e.g., ankylosis)
6. Vertebrobasilar insufficiency
7. No somatic dysfunction"
90
FPR Principles 
Neutral, compress, ease 
91
Scoliosis degrees of severity 
Normal -> no curve 
Mild -> 5-15 degrees
Moderate -> 20-45 degrees
Severe -> anything greater than 50 degrees
> 50 compromises respiratory function 
> 90 compromises cardiovascular function 

LECOM OPP/H&P (2022-2024) (6 decks)

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