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Pharmacology Block 2 > Opioids > Flashcards

Opioids Flashcards

1
Q

Which parts of the brain are most involved in presence of acute pain?

A

Anterior cingulate, Insula, Basal Ganglia, Thalamu

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2
Q

Whicih part of the brain plays a role in the anticipation and perception of pain?

A

brainstem

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3
Q

Which are of the brain increases in activation with chronic pain?

A

Prefrontal Cortex

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4
Q

How does the sensation of pain travel?

A

Nociceptors -> action potential -> dorsal horns in spine ->spinothalamic tract-> thalamus and higher centers of brain

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5
Q

What are hte 2 types of pain?

A

Acute pain

Chronic Pain

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6
Q

How do opioids work?

A

Bind to opioid receptors

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7
Q

What are the receptor types for opioid receptors?

A

Delta (d1,d2): OP1
Kappa : OP2
Mu :OP3
Nociceptin: OP4

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8
Q

How do opioids relieve pain?

A

Induce analgesia by reducing the amount of inflammation -> reduce elaboration of pain -> reduce sensation of pain

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9
Q

How do opiods reduce pain transmission at the presynaptic level?

A

Activate presynaptic opioid receptors -> dec cAMP -> dec Ca2+ influx-> inhibit release of excitatory NT

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10
Q

How do opioids reduce pain transmission at the postsynpatic level?

A

Binding -> hyperpolarizaiton of membrane ->dec chance of action potential

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11
Q

What are the CNS effects of opioids

A 
Euphoria
SEdation
Cough Suppression
Miosis
Temperature Changes: via k receptor
REspiratory Depression: MOST IMPORTANT
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12
Q

What are the strong opioids?

A

Morphine
Methadone
Meperidine

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13
Q

What are hte moderately strong opioids?

A

Codeine

Oxycodone

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14
Q

What are the antagonists to opioids

A

Naloxone

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15
Q

What is the prototypical opioid?

A

Morphine

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16
Q

What are the side effects of morphine?

A

Constipation, Addiction, Tolerance,

17
Q

What is Meperidine used for?

A

Analgesic to relieve moderate/severe pain
Biliary Spasm
Renal Colic

18
Q

What are the side effects to Meperidine?

A

Serotonin Syndrome
Seizure
Dysphoria
Tremor

*Cannot be countered with NAloxone

19
Q

What is hydrocodone?

A

Opioid similar ot morphine that targets mu and delta receptors

Moderately strong

20
Q

What is hydrocodone used for?

A

Treat moderate to severe pain

Anti-tussive: suppress coughing

21
Q

What are the side effects of hydrocodone?

A

GI problems, anxiety, miosis, REspiratory problems

22
Q

What are the toxicities of hydrocodone?

A

LOC, Muscular seizure, sleeping problems

23
Q

What is the mechanism for euphoria?

A

Morphine binds mu receptor -> inhibit GABA secretion -> no GABA inhibition -> large release of dopamine -> euphoria due to inhibition of inhibitor of dopamine

24
Q

What is codeine

A

Moderately strong opioid used for mild/moderate pain as well as cough, diarrhea, IBS, narcolepsy

25
Q

What are the side effects of codeine?

A

Euphoria, itching, urinary retention, depression, constipation

26
Q

What is pentazocine

A

Agonist/Antagonist analgesic for mild/moderae pain, especially dental extraction

27
Q

What are hte side effects of pentazocine?

A

WEak antagonization of analgesic effects of morphine/meperidine
Hallucinations

28
Q

What is naloxone

A

opiate antagonist that is used to prevent/reverse effects of opioids, especiialy respiratory depression, sedation, and hypotension

29
Q

How does naloxone affect a normal person?

A

No effect

30
Q

What are hte signs of opioid overdose?

A

Blue lips, unresponsive to pain stimuli

31
Q

What happens in opioid overdose?

A

BP drops due to increased blood vessel size
Lungs suppresssed and slows down
Stomach has decreased GI activity
SExual organs messed up

32
Q

What is methadone?

A

Strong opioid analgesic

Agonist of mu and delta receptors and glutamate and Ach receptors

33
Q

What is methadone used for?

A

Treatment of opiate drug dependence as it binds to receptors and prevents binding of other opioids -> decrease desire for further opioid intake -> decreases craving but may be dependent on methadone

Pharmacology Block 2 (6 decks)

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