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CNS Pharmacology > Opioid Sheet To My Own Flash Cards > Flashcards

Opioid Sheet To My Own Flash Cards

1
Q

Two Natural opioids …

A

Morphine
Codeine

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2
Q

“Five “Semisynthetic opioids

A

Buprenorphine
Hydromorphone
Hydrocodone
Oxycodone
Oxymorphone

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3
Q

Five Synthetic opioids

A

1 Fentanyl
2 Meperidine
3 Methadone
4 Tapentodol
5 Tramodol

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4
Q

Strong opioid receptor agonist
“6”

A

Morphine
Fentanyl
Alfentanil
Remifentanil
Pethidine = meberidine
Methadone

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5
Q

Moderate opioid receptor agonist

A

Codeine

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6
Q

Partial agonist “opioid receptor “& Mixed
agonist/Antagonist
“3”

A

Pentazocine
Buprenorphine
Nalbuphine

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7
Q

Pure”opioid receptor” antagonists

A

Naloxone
Naltrexone

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8
Q

Me : Semisynthetic partial agonist & Mixed
agonist/Antagonist

A

Buprenorphine

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9
Q

The major effects of the opioids are
mediated by three main receptor families,
commonly designated as

A

u (mu, MOR),
K (kappa, KOR), and
8 (delta, DOR).

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10
Q

All three opioid receptors are members of the …$ receptor family and inhibit…..1 They are also associated with ion channels, *increasing …..2 efflux (hyperpolarization) or * reducing…..3 influx, thus impeding neuronal firing and transmitter release in the spinal dorsal horn.

A

$ G protein coupled receptor
1 inhibit adenyl cyclase.
2 postsynaptic K+
3 presynaptic Ca2+

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11
Q

Most of the clinically useful opioid
analgesics, however, have preferential or
strong selectivity for ……. receptors.

A

mu opioid receptors

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12
Q

What is the source of morphine?
a) Synthetic production
b) Opium poppy (Papaver somniferum)
c) Cannabis plant
d) Willow bark

A

b) Opium poppy (Papaver somniferum)

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13
Q

Which Greek god does the name “Morphine” represent?
a) Zeus
b) Hades
c) Morpheus
d) Apollo

A

C

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14
Q

What is the mechanism of action of morphine?
a) Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase
b) Activation of adenylyl cyclase
c) Inhibition of opioid receptors
d) Inhibition of adenylyl cyclase and modulation of ion conductance

A

d) Inhibition of adenylyl cyclase and modulation of ion conductance

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15
Q

the prototypical strong
Mu receptor agonist.

A

Morphine

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16
Q

The receptor on which morphine acts is called……1.
………..2 are the endogenous peptide ligands found in the brain
the brain for opioid receptors.

A

1 opioid receptor
2 Endorphins

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17
Q

In activation of opioid receptors with morphine
The activated……1 subunit of the G protein directly inhibits the adenyl cyclase enzyme, and the GBy subunits are thought to mediate the changes at the …….2

A

1 “G alpha i“
2 Ca2+ and K+ channels.

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18
Q

The mechanism of action of morphine after the activation of opioid receptors and inhibition of adenyl cyclase is An increase in K+ conductance, and a decrease in Ca2+ conductance.

These actions cause both:
…..1 of neurotransmitter release from the central terminations of
small diameter primary afferent fibers and
……2 of membrane depolarization of dorsal horn nociceptive
neurons.

A

1 presynaptic inhibition
2 postsynaptic inhibition

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19
Q

What effect does the activation of opioid receptors by morphine have on neurotransmitter release?
a) Increase in neurotransmitter release
b) No effect on neurotransmitter release
c) Inhibition of neurotransmitter release
d) Potentiation of neurotransmitter release

A

c) Inhibition of neurotransmitter release

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20
Q

Which subunit of the G protein is thought to directly inhibit adenylyl cyclase enzyme?
a) Gαi
b) Gαs
c) Gβγ
d) Gαq

A

a) Gαi

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21
Q

What is the consequence of activation of opioid receptors in the dorsal horn nociceptive neurons?
a) Hyperpolarization
b) inhibition of membrane Depolarization
c) Inhibition of neurotransmitter release
d) Activation of adenylyl cyclase

A

b) inhibition of membrane Depolarization

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22
Q

G.R
subcutaneous and IV injections of morphine produce the most reliable response than oral preparation ?

A

b.c of significant first-pass metabolism of morphine occurs in the liver,

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23
Q

G.R
Morphine should not be used for analgesia during labor.

A

b.c During delivery (may cause neonatal asphyxia & prolong labor),
+
Morphine rapidly enters all body tissues, including the fetuses of pregnant
women. Infants born to addicted mothers show physical dependence on opioids
and exhibit withdrawal symptoms if opioids are not administered

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24
Q

G.R
Only a small percentage of morphine crosses the blood-brain barrier ?

A

because morphine is the least lipophilic of the common opioids. By contrast, the more lipid-soluble opioids, such as fentanyl and methadone, readily
penetrate the CNS.

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25
Q

Morphine is conjugated with glucuronic acid in the liver to two active
metabolites

…..1 is a very potent analgesic and morphine glucuronide metabolites undergo
enterohepatic circulation.,

…..2does not have analgesic activity, but is believed
to cause neuroexcitatory effects

A
  1. M6G (morphine-6-glucuronide)
  2. M3G (morphine-3-glucuronide)
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26
Q

The duration of action of morphine is ……… h when administered systemically.

A

4 to 5 hours

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27
Q

Which route of administration produces the most reliable response in terms of morphine absorption?
a. Oral
b. Subcutaneous
c. Intravenous
d. b & c

A

d. b & c

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28
Q

absorption of morphine after oral administration is slow and erratic
……..oral preparations provide more consistent
plasma levels.

A

Extended-release

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29
Q

Why is morphine not recommended for analgesia during labor?
a. It rapidly enters all body tissues, including the fetus.
b. It causes physical dependence on opioids in newborns.
c. It exhibits withdrawal symptoms if opioids are not administered.
d. a & b

A

d. a & b

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30
Q

Which of the following opioids readily penetrates the central nervous system (CNS) due to its high lipid solubility?
a. Morphine
b. Fentanyl
c. Methadone
d. b&c

A

d. b&c

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31
Q

What is the primary fate of morphine in the body after metabolism?
a. Renal excretion of unchanged morphine
b. Conversion to inactive metabolites
c. Conjugation with glucuronic acid in the liver to two active metabolites

A

c. Conjugation with glucuronic acid in the liver to two active metabolites

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32
Q

Which metabolite of morphine is responsible for causing neuroexcitatory effects?
a. Morphine-6-glucuronide (M6G)
b. Morphine-3-glucuronide (M3G)
c. Unconjugated morphine
d. Morphine-6-phosphate (M6P)

A

b. Morphine-3-glucuronide (M3G)

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33
Q

What is the approximate duration of action of morphine when administered systemically?
a. 1 to 2 hours
b. 2 to 3 hours
c. 4 to 5 hours
d. 6 to 7 hours

A

c. 4 to 5 hours

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34
Q

What is the Pharmacologic Effects of morphine on the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM?
“6”

A

a. Analgesia:
b. Sedation and euphoria:
c. Depression of cough reflex;
d. Emesis:
e. Respiration depression
f. Miosis

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35
Q

Which receptor activation is associated with euphoria?
a) Mu receptor
b) Kappa receptor
c) delta receptor

A

a) Mu receptor

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36
Q

Which of the following effects may occur at doses lower than those required for maximum analgesia of morphine ?
a) Sedation
b) Euphoria
c) Dysphoria and Hallucinations
d) b&c

A

d) b&c
The sedation “also one of the effects of morphine “
is additive with other CNS depressants, but there is little amnesia.

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37
Q

Which receptor activation by morphine is associated with dysphoria and hallucinations?
a) delta receptor
b) Kappa receptor
c) Mu receptor
d) G receptor

A

b) Kappa receptor

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38
Q

Which opioid directly stimulates the chemoreceptor trigger zone, causing vomiting?
a) Codeine
b) Fentanyl
c) Morphine
d) Oxycodone

A

c) Morphine

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39
Q

Which opioid is known for its antitussive properties?
a) Heroin
b) both morphine and codeine
c) Morphine
d) Tramadol

A

b) both morphine and codeine

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40
Q

G.R
morphine should be used
with caution in patients with asthma.

A

Because it can cause bronchoconstriction,

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41
Q

G.R
Morphine is usually contraindicated in individuals with head trauma or
severe brain injury.

A

*Because of respiratory depression and carbon dioxide
retention, cerebral vessels dilate and increase cerebrospinal
fluid pressure (increased intracranial Pressure).

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42
Q

How does morphine cause respiratory depression?
a) By increasing carbon dioxide levels in the blood
b) By stimulating the medullary respiratory center neurons
c) By reducing the responsiveness of medullary respiratory center neurons to carbon dioxide
d) By decreasing oxygen levels in the blood

A

c) By reducing the responsiveness of medullary respiratory center neurons to carbon dioxide

43
Q

What is the most common cause of death in acute opioid overdoses?
a) Cardiac arrest
b) Renal failure
c) Respiratory depression
d) Liver damage

A

c) Respiratory depression

44
Q

Which opioid antagonist is commonly used to rapidly reverse the respiratory depressant effects of opioids?
a) Methadone
b) Naloxone
c) Buprenorphine

A

b) Naloxone

45
Q

What is the primary mechanism of action of naloxone in reversing opioid-induced respiratory depression?
a) Blocking opioid receptors
b) Stimulating respiratory center neurons
c) Increasing carbon dioxide levels
d) Inhibiting neurotransmitter release

A

a) Blocking opioid receptors

46
Q

Which region of the brain is primarily affected by opioids to cause respiratory depression?
a) Hypothalamus
b) Medulla oblongata
c) Cerebellum
d) Thalamus

A

b) Medulla oblongata

47
Q

Which receptors are stimulated in the Edinger-Westphal nucleus of the oculomotor nerve to cause pinpoint pupils characteristic of morphine use?
a) μ and κ receptors
b) δ and σ receptors
c) α and β receptors
d) GABA receptors

A

a) μ and κ receptors

48
Q

What is the diagnostic significance of miosis in the context of opioid overdose?
a) It indicates sympathetic stimulation of the iris sphincter muscle.
b) It suggests tolerance development to opioid effects.
c) It can help distinguish opioid overdose from other causes of coma and respiratory depression.
d) It indicates parasympathetic inhibition of the iris sphincter muscle.

A

c) It can help distinguish opioid overdose from other causes of coma and respiratory depression.

49
Q

G.R
miosis can be diagnostic of an opioid overdose.

A

Because little or no tolerance develops to miosis, and it’s important dignostically because many other causes of coma and
respiratory depression produce dilation of the pupil.]

50
Q

How does morphine relieve diarrhea?
a) By increasing the motility of the intestinal circular smooth muscle
b) By decreasing the tone of the anal sphincter
c) By decreasing the motility and increasing the tone of the intestinal circular smooth muscle
d) By decreasing the tone of the bladder sphincter

A

c) By decreasing the motility and increasing the tone of the intestinal circular smooth muscle

51
Q

Which of the following statements about morphine-induced constipation is true?
a) Tolerance to constipation develops rapidly
b) It decreases biliary tract pressure
c) It decreases the tone of the anal sphincter
d) Little tolerance develops to constipation

A

d) Little tolerance develops to constipation

52
Q

How does morphine affect biliary tract pressure?
a) It decreases biliary tract pressure by relaxing the gallbladder and biliary sphincter
b) It increases biliary tract pressure by contracting the gallbladder and biliary sphincter
c) It has no effect on biliary tract pressure
d) It increases biliary tract pressure by relaxing the gallbladder and constricting the biliary sphincter (sphincter of Oddi)

A

b) It increases biliary tract pressure by contracting the gallbladder and biliary sphincter

53
Q

What effect does morphine have on bladder sphincter tone?
a) It decreases bladder sphincter tone, leading to urinary incontinence
b) It has no effect on bladder sphincter tone
c) It increases bladder sphincter tone, causing urinary retention in some patients
d) It relaxes the bladder sphincter, facilitating urination

A

c) It increases bladder sphincter tone, causing urinary retention in some patients

54
Q

When may hypotension and bradycardia occur with morphine use?
a) At lower dosages
b) Only in patients with pre-existing cardiovascular conditions
c) At higher doses
d) In all patients, regardless of dosage

A

c) At higher doses

55
Q

Which statement accurately describes the effects of morphine on blood pressure and heart rate?
a) Morphine consistently increases blood pressure and heart rate.
b) Morphine has no effect on blood pressure or heart rate.
c) Morphine may cause hypotension and bradycardia at higher doses.
d) Morphine always leads to hypertension and tachycardia.

A

c) Morphine may cause hypotension and bradycardia at higher doses.

56
Q

What are the typical effects of morphine on blood pressure and heart rate at higher dosages?
a) Hypotension and tachycardia
b) Hypertension and bradycardia
c) Hypotension and bradycardia
d) Hypertension and tachycardia

A

Hypotension and bradycardia

57
Q

How does morphine contribute to histamine release?
a) By suppressing mast cell activity
b) By stimulating mast cells to release histamine
c) By inhibiting the synthesis of histamine
d) By blocking histamine receptors

A

b) By stimulating mast cells to release histamine

58
Q

G.R
Prolonged use of morphine may leads to
androgen deficiency ?

A

due to suppression of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal
axis (HPA).
This results in decreased production of sex hormones, especially
testosterone, resulting in many clinical symptoms.

59
Q

What are the clinical symptoms associated with opioid-induced androgen deficiency?
a) Increased production of sex hormones
b) Decreased production of sex hormones, particularly testosterone
c) Increased release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
d) Decreased release of prolactin

A

b) Decreased production of sex hormones, particularly testosterone

60
Q

What is the hormonal consequence of prolonged morphine use on the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis (HPA)?
a) Suppression of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
b) Increased production of sex hormones
c) Suppression of sex hormone production, especially testosterone
d) Stimulation of prolactin production

A

c) Suppression of sex hormone production, especially testosterone

61
Q

What physiological response is triggered by morphine-induced histamine release from mast cells?
a)Bronchodilatation
b) Hypertension
c) Urticaria, sweating, and vasodilation
d) Bradycardia

A

c) Urticaria, sweating, and vasodilation

62
Q

How does prolonged morphine use affect the release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and prolactin?
a) It suppresses the release of both hormones
b) It stimulates the release of both hormones
c) It has no effect on the release of either hormone
d) It stimulates the release of ADH but suppresses the release of prolactin

A

b) It stimulates the release of both hormones

63
Q

What hormonal deficiency may result from prolonged morphine use due to suppression of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis?
a) Estrogen deficiency
b) Androgen deficiency
c) Insulin deficiency
d) Thyroid hormone deficiency

A

b) Androgen deficiency

64
Q

How does morphine affect the second stage of labor?
a) By increasing the strength, duration, and frequency of uterine contractions
b) By transiently decreasing the strength, duration, and frequency of uterine contractions
c) By prolonging the first stage of labor

A

b) By transiently decreasing the strength, duration, and frequency of uterine contractions

65
Q

Which stage of labor is primarily affected by morphine administration?
a) First stage
b) Second stage
c) Third stage
d) Fourth stage

A

b) Second stage

66
Q

What specific effect does morphine have on uterine contractions during the second stage of labor?
a) It increases the strength and frequency of contractions
b) It transiently decreases the strength, duration, and frequency of contractions
c) It has no effect on uterine contractions during labor

A

b) It transiently decreases the strength, duration, and frequency of contractions

67
Q

G.R
Morphine decreases the body temperature slightly?

A

due to its effect on hypothalamus heat-regulating mechanisms.

68
Q

How does morphine affect body temperature?
a) It increases body temperature significantly
b) It decreases body temperature slightly
c) It has no effect on body temperature
d) It causes extreme fluctuations in body temperature

A

b) It decreases body temperature slightly

69
Q

What is the primary mechanism through which morphine affects body temperature?
a) Stimulation of heat production in the body
b) Inhibition of hypothalamic heat-regulating mechanisms
c) Activation of peripheral cooling mechanisms
d) Induction of fever through immune system modulation

A

b) Inhibition of hypothalamic heat-regulating mechanisms

70
Q

How do opioids affect the immune system?
a) They enhance immune response
b) They have no effect on the immune system
c) They cause moderate immunosuppression
d) They induce autoimmune diseases

A

c) They cause moderate immunosuppression

71
Q

What is the consequence of opioid-induced immunosuppression?
a) Increased susceptibility to infections and tumor metastasis
b) Decreased susceptibility to infections and tumor metastasis
c) Heightened immune response against pathogens
d) Enhanced wound healing

A

a) Increased susceptibility to infections and tumor metastasis

72
Q

Which of the following best describes the impact of opioids on the recipient’s immune system?
a) Opioids stimulate the immune system, preventing infections and tumors
b) Opioids moderately suppress the immune system, increasing susceptibility to infections and tumor metastasis
c) Opioids have no effect on the immune system
d) Opioids only suppress the immune system in specific individuals

A

b) Opioids moderately suppress the immune system, increasing susceptibility to infections and tumor metastasis

73
Q

What is the Adverse Effects of morphine ?
“6”

A

1 Respiratory depression:
the major adverse effect of morphine and other
opioids.
2 Nausea and vomiting:
By stimulating the CTZ in the medulla.
3 A flushing reaction and itching, or
pruritus:
Opioids cause mast cells throughout the body to release histamine,
4 Constipation.
5 Urinary retention.
6 Hypotension and bradycardia

74
Q

G.R
Morphine is contraindicated in Undiagnosed acute abdomen?
e.g. appendicitis

A

(b.c it relieve pain but masks serious inflammatory conditions, so interfere with
diagnosis)

75
Q

G.R
Morphine is contraindicated in pts with Head injuries?

A

(b.c of cerebral vasodilation that result from increased Pco2 caused
respiratory depression & may result in increased cerebral vascular pressure leads to altered the brain function & death)

76
Q

G.R
*morphine is contraindicated in Biliary obstruction ?

A

(b.c it causes constriction of the biliary sphincter (sphincter of
Oddi )and increase the biliary pressure)

77
Q

Contraindications of morphine ?
“9”

A

1 Undiagnosed acute abdomen

2 Head injuries

3 Acute bronchial asthma,

4 Significant respiratory depression,

5 Convulsive disorders

6 Biliary obstruction

7 Enlarge prostate,

8 During delivery
(may cause neonatal asphyxia & prolong labor)

9 During pregnancy (neonatal addiction)

78
Q

G.R
Morphine is contraindicated During delivery?

A

(b.c it may cause neonatal asphyxia & prolong labor)

79
Q

G.R
Morphine is contraindicated During pregnancy ?

A

(b.c it causes neonatal addiction)

80
Q

What effects of morphine typically develop tolerance with repeated use?
a) Respiratory depressant, analgesic, euphoric, emetic, and sedative effects
b) Miosis and constipation
c) Miosis and euphoria
d) Constipation and respiratory depression

A

a) Respiratory depressant, analgesic, euphoric, emetic, and sedative effects

81
Q

Which of the following effects of morphine usually do not develop tolerance with repeated use?
a) Respiratory depression and analgesia
b) Miosis and constipation
c) Euphoria and sedation
d) Emesis and pupillary dilation

A

b) Miosis and constipation

82
Q

What is a characteristic feature regarding the development of tolerance to miosis with morphine use?
a) Tolerance develops rapidly
b) Tolerance does not develop at all
c) Tolerance develops slowly
d) Tolerance only develops in individuals with pre-existing conditions

A

b) Tolerance does not develop at all

83
Q

G.R
one opioid drug can substitute for another opioid drug and prevent symptoms of withdrawal in a physically dependent person.
Note : “This is the basis for outpatient treatment of opioid
dependence by the use of methadone or buprenorphine”

A

Because opioids demonstrate cross-tolerance,

84
Q

What is the basis for using methadone or buprenorphine in outpatient treatment of opioid dependence?
a) They induce withdrawal symptoms in opioid-dependent individuals
b) They are non-addictive alternatives to opioids
c) They demonstrate cross-tolerance and can substitute for other opioids to prevent withdrawal symptoms
d) They enhance the euphoric effects of opioids

A

c) They demonstrate cross-tolerance and can substitute for other opioids to prevent withdrawal symptoms

85
Q

What characteristic allows one opioid drug to substitute for another in preventing withdrawal symptoms?
a) Cross-dependence
b) Cross-sensitivity
c) Cross-addiction
d) Cross-tolerance

A

d) Cross-tolerance

86
Q

How do opioids like methadone and buprenorphine contribute to the management of opioid dependence?
a) By exacerbating withdrawal symptoms
b) By inducing euphoria in opioid-dependent individuals
c) By preventing withdrawal symptoms through cross-tolerance with other opioids
d) By blocking opioid receptors completely

A

c) By preventing withdrawal symptoms through cross-tolerance with other opioids

87
Q

Which of the following is NOT a symptom of opioid withdrawal?
a) Goosebumps
b) Hypertension
c) Sweating
d) Diarrhea

A

b) Hypertension

88
Q

When does abstinence withdrawal typically peak?
a) 12 to 24 hours
b) 24 to 48 hours
c) 48 to 72 hours
d) 72 to 96 hours

A

c) 48 to 72 hours

89
Q

What is the risk associated with administering an opioid antagonist during opioid withdrawal?
a) It may exacerbate withdrawal symptoms
b) It may alleviate withdrawal symptoms
c) It has no effect on withdrawal symptoms
d) It may induce euphoria

A

a) It may exacerbate withdrawal symptoms

90
Q

Withdrawal produces a series of autonomic, motor, and psychological responses
such as …….

A

goosebumps, muscle spasms, hyperalgesia, lacrimation, rhinorrhea,
yawning, sweating, restlessness, dilated pupils, anorexia, irritability, tremors,
diarrhea, and flushing that can be severe.

91
Q

Which population is most at risk of life-threatening abstinence withdrawal from opioids?
a) Adults between the ages of 20-40
b) Elderly individuals over 65
c) Neonates
d) Adolescents between the ages of 12-18

A

c) Neonates

92
Q

What complication may arise from the administration of an opioid antagonist during opioid withdrawal?
a) Increased sedation
b) Severe respiratory depression
c) Precipitation of a severe withdrawal reaction
d) Improved pain management

A

c) Precipitation of a severe withdrawal reaction

93
Q

The onset of abstinence syndrome (withdrawal symptoms) associated with opioid analgesics typically occurs:
a) Immediately after the last exposure
b) Within 24 hours of the last exposure
c) Gradually over the 72 hours following the last exposure
d) After 1 week of the last exposure

A

c) Gradually over the 72 hours following the last exposure

94
Q

How long does it usually take for individuals addicted to opioid analgesics to survive the withdrawal period?
a) Less than 24 hours
b) Exactly 72 hours
c) Over 72 hours
d) It varies depending on the individual’s tolerance level

A

c) Over 72 hours

95
Q

Which of the following best describes the development of abstinence syndrome in individuals addicted to opioid analgesics?
a) Sudden onset with severe symptoms
b) Gradual onset over a period of several weeks
c) Gradual onset over the 72 hours following the last exposure
d) No development of abstinence syndrome in addicted individuals

A

c) Gradual onset over the 72 hours following the last exposure

96
Q

What effect does the administration of an opioid during the withdrawal period have on the abstinence syndrome?
a) It exacerbates the symptoms
b) It has no effect on the symptoms
c) It suppresses the symptoms
d) It prolongs the duration of symptoms

A

c) It suppresses the symptoms

97
Q

Which of the following substances can precipitate a withdrawal reaction when administered to a patient with opioid addiction?
a) Opioid agonist
b) Opioid antagonist
c) Sedative-hypnotics
d) Antidepressants

A

b) Opioid antagonist

98
Q

Which of the following drugs cannot suppress opioid withdrawal symptoms?
a) Barbiturates
b) Alcohol
c) Amphetamines
d) all of the above

A

d) all of the above

99
Q

CLINICAL USES of morphine ?
“5”

A
  1. Analgesia
  2. Cough Suppression
  3. Treatment of Diarrhea
  4. Management of Acute Pulmonary Edema
  5. Anesthesia
100
Q

Morphine is primarily used to treat severe pain associated with:
a) Hypertension
b) Influenza
c) trauma , Myocardial infarction and cancer
d) Migraine headaches

A

c) trauma , Myocardial infarction and cancer

101
Q

How does morphine benefit patients with myocardial infarction?
a) By increasing heart rate
b) By constricting coronary arteries
c) By relieving pain and anxiety, dilating coronary arteries, and reducing myocardial oxygen demand
d) By reducing blood pressure

A

c) By relieving pain and anxiety, dilating coronary arteries, and reducing myocardial oxygen demand

102
Q

Which formulation of morphine is useful in patients with chronic pain?
a) Intramuscular injection
b) Short-acting oral tablets
c) Long-acting oral formulations

A

c) Long-acting oral formulations

103
Q

Complete
Morphine is available in both…….1 and…..2 formulations, including……..-
………………….formulations that are useful in patients with chronic pain.

A

1 parenteral
2 oral
3 long-acting oral

CNS Pharmacology (7 decks)

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