Opiates

Question 1

morphine

Answer 1

morphine is thr active medicinal ingredient in the latex extracted from opium seed pod and is used for 2 other drugs (codeine, diamorphine)

Question 2

what must opiates have to be effective?

Answer 2

• must travel to the brain and interfere with nerve impulses (CNS)
• must have polar functional groups to keep solubility due to surrounding nonpolar layer of lipids

Question 3

codeine

Answer 3

known as methylmorphine since one hydroxyl group is replaced with a methyl alkyl group via a methylation reaction

Question 4

diamorphine

Answer 4

made synthetically by reacting morphine with ethanoic acid (esterification)

Question 5

product of morphine and ethanoic acid reaction

Answer 5

ester linkage and elimination of water

Question 6

how do the functional groups on morphine react with ethanoic acid

Answer 6

hydroxyl functional groups each react by a condensation reaction with carboxyl and ethanoic acid

Question 7

how is pain received by the body?

Answer 7

pain sensation is caused by direct action of prostaglandins on the nerve endings locally at the trauma site or by acting on the perception of pain in the CNS of the brain

Question 8

how are pain signals transmitted?

Answer 8

through neurons communicating through neurotransmitter to send pain signal to the spinal cord and then to the brain

Question 9

how does opiate relieve pain?

Answer 9

interferes with the neurotransmitter and receptors in the transmission of pain signal across the body

Question 10

endorphins

Answer 10

substances produced by the body to work as a natural pain reliever

Question 11

endorphin receptors

Answer 11

endorphins/opiates bind to endorphin receptors in brain cells to intercept pain signal

(endorphin receptors cannot tell the difference between endorphins and opiates)

Question 12

why are opiates addicitve

Answer 12

opiates produce endorphins in the body and creates a euphoric effect which can increase drug tolerance and thus, lead to addiction

Question 13

what neurotransmitter makes opiates addictive

Answer 13

dopamine, which causes pleasure and is produced when endorphin receptor binds to a natural opiate

Question 14

opiates from most polar to most nonpolar

Answer 14

morphine, codeine, diamorphine

Question 15

methadone treatment

Answer 15

an opaite derivative that binds to opiate receptors but does not produce euphoric effect (exception: produces euphoric sensation at high doses)

Question 16

what does methadone help with?

Answer 16

an effective treatment option to help with tolerance, addiction and withdrawal symptoms