Opiate Overdose

Question 1

Define opiate overdose.

Answer 1

An opioid overdose occurs when larger quantities than physically tolerated are taken, resulting in central nervous system and respiratory depression.

Question 2

Explain the aetiology/risk factors of opiate overdose.

Answer 2

Opioid abuse and dependence
Recent abstinence in chronic users
Chronic pain

Question 3

Summarise the epidemiology of opiate overdose.

Answer 3

Opioid abuse and overdose is a growing problem worldwide. In the US, from 1991 to 2015 the number of opioid-related deaths quadrupled.

Question 4

Recognise the presenting symptoms of opiate overdose. Recognise the signs of opiate overdose on physical examination.

Answer 4

Presence of risk factors
Miosis
Bradypnoea
Altered mental status
Dramatic response to naloxone
Fresh needle marks
Drug paraphernalia nearby
Decreased gastrointestinal motility
Old track marks on arms and legs

Question 5

Identify appropriate investigations for opiate overdose and interpret the results.

Answer 5

Therapeutic trial of naloxone
Electrocardiogram (ECG)