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SAM > Ophtho terminology > Flashcards

Ophtho terminology Flashcards

1
Q

OD

A

Right eye

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2
Q

OS

A

left eye

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3
Q

OU

A

both eyes

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4
Q

Photopic

A

in a well-lit environment

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5
Q

Iridodonesis

A

movement of the iris

The finding is usually supportive of lens instability

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6
Q

Scotopic

A

in a dark environment

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7
Q

Retroillumination

A

Using light that is shone into the eye to reflect against internal structures and highlight normal/abnormal features during the ophthalmic exam

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8
Q

Keratitis

A

Inflammation of the cornea

Most commonly evident by the presence of corneal ulceration, corneal infiltrate, or blood vessels

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9
Q

Neurotrophic keratitis

A

inflammation of the cornea (keratitis) that is caused by lack of sensory innervation (ophthalmic branch of CN V)

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10
Q

Retropulsion

A

applying light pressure to both eyes (through the eyelids) simultaneously with your index finger to detect for asymmetry
This is a useful test for detecting disease of the orbit or space occupying disease behind the globe

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11
Q

Corneal ulceration

A

disruption of the corneal epithelium and exposure of the corneal stroma

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12
Q

Positive Jones test

A

application of fluorescein dye to the ocular surface which then appears at the nares
This is a test of nasolacrimal patency

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13
Q

Positive seidel test

A

Application of fluorescein dye to the ocular surface and subsequent appearance of aqueous humor leaking through dense fluorescein stain.
This test confirms corneal perforation

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14
Q

Uveitis

A

defined as a breakdown of the blood ocular barrier

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15
Q

Glaucoma

A

vision loss that occurs from optic nerve damage as a result of high intraocular pressure

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16
Q

Boney orbit

A

a part of the adnexa, the conical boney structure that contains the eyeball and periorbital cone

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17
Q

Periorbital cone

A

supportive cone like structure that contains the eyeball, extraocular muscles, fat, vessels, nerves, and fascia that reside within the orbit

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18
Q

orbital ligament

A

ligamentous structure that forms the lateral boundary of the boney orbit in cats and dogs

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19
Q

Exophthalmos

A

abnormal protrusion of the eye from the orbit
the position is abnormal
the globe size is normal

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20
Q

Buphthalmos

A

cows eye- but refers to the abnormal enlargement of the eyeball
For practical purposes, buphthalmos is only caused by glaucoma
The size is abnormal, position is normal

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21
Q

Enophthalmos

A

abnormal recession of the eye within the orbit

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22
Q

Strabismus

A

deviation of one or both eyes so that both eyes are not directed at the same object

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23
Q

Horner’s syndrome

A 
sympathetic denervation to the eye and ocular adnexa
There are 4 classic clinical signs
Enophthalmous
ptosis- dropping of eyelid
miosis
protrusion of the third eyelid
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24
Q

Microphthalmos

A

congenitally small and malformed globe

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25
Q

phthisis bulbi

A

an acquired shrunken globe, most often from severe or chronic inflammation

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26
Q

Proptosis

A

anterior displacement of the globe such that the eyelids are caught behind the equator of the globe

27
Q

Tarsus

A

the fibrocartilaginous layer of the eyelid that contains the meibomian glands (aka tarsal glands)
this is the holding layer surgical eyelid closures

28
Q

Meibomian glands

A

these are glands within the tarsal layer of the eyelid that produce lipid or sebum to the tear film
This is the outermost or most external layer of the three-layered tear film

29
Q

Lateral canthus

A

the lateral, or temporal convergence of the upper and lower eyelids

30
Q

Medial canthus

A

the medial, or nasal convergence of the upper and lower eyelid margins

31
Q

Palpebral fissure

A

the area outlined by the upper and lower eyelid margins

32
Q

Ptosis

A

drooping of the eyelids (most often evident by upper eyelid drooping) caused by sympathetic denervation to the eyelid

33
Q

Lagophthalmos

A

incomplete eyelid closure/coverage of the eyeball

34
Q

Eyelid margin

A

identified by the grey line of meibomian gland orifices

this is an important landmark to identify when closing the eyelid surgically

35
Q

Entropion

A

rolling in of the eyelid margin such that the hairs are touching the ocular surface

36
Q

Ectropion

A

the outward rolling of the eyelids
animals will often develop exposure keratitis or conjunctivitis due to the poor ability of the eyelids to completely close over the ocular surface

37
Q

Blepharospasm

A

spasm of the orbicularis oculi muscle resulting in eyelid closure
squinting

38
Q

tarsorrhaphy

A

surgical procedure in which the eyelids are sutured together
this can be temporary or permanent and can be partial (closing only a portion of the eyelid) or complete (closing the entire eyelid)

39
Q

Lagophthalmos

A

incomplete eyelid closure and globe coverage

40
Q

Trichiasis

A

hairs growing from normal skin reach the corneal and or conjunctival surface
technically speaking entropion causes trichiasis however trichiasis is most often used to describe hairs from the nasal folds (nasal fold trichiasis) that are directed toward the eye in brachycephalic dog breeds

41
Q

Distichia

A

cilia (eyelashes) which emerge from the meibomian (tarsal) glands

42
Q

Ectopic cilia

A

cilia (eyelashes) protruding through the palpebral conjunctiva
These hairs typically cause severe intermittent pain and often cause corneal ulceration
They most commonly arise form the 12 o clock eyelid position

43
Q

Conjunctival fornix

A

the area where palpebral conjunctiva meets bulbar conjunctiva

44
Q

Palpebral and bulbar conjunctiva

A

conjunctiva that lines the inner surface of the eyelid and the anterior aspect of the globe respectively

45
Q

epiphoria

A

abnormal overproduction of tears

This is a common response to ocular irritation

46
Q

Conjunctival lymphoid follicles

A

a response to non-specific antigenic stimulation
presence of these follicles anywhere but the bulbar surface of the third eyelid is considered abnormal and consistent with a dx of conjunctivitis

47
Q

Goblet cells

A

these are present in conjunctival epithelium and produce the innermost mucous layer of the three layered tear film
patients with conjunctivitis will often overproduce mucus conventionally referred as mucoid discharge

48
Q

Mucoid discharge

A

a very common clinical sign with conjunctivitis

49
Q

mucopurulent discharge

A

most commonly found in cases of keratoconjunctivitis sicca due to loss of the aqueous portion of the tear film which then causes mucous overproduction, bacterial overgrowth and subsequent white blood cell recruitment
this is a classic feature of KCS and will be very important to remember

50
Q

Conjunctival hyperemia

A

this term is used to describe congestion of the superficial vessels of the conjunctiva
Predominance of this finding suggests superficial disease
for instance, tear film disorders (KCS) primary conjunctivitis, eyelid disorders causing secondary conjunctivitis, a response to superficial cornea ulceration

51
Q

Episcleral injection

A

this term refers to congestion of deep conjunctival vessles, known as episcleral vessels
predominance of this clinical sign suggests deeper disease processes
for instance uveitis, glaucoma, and deep/complicated cornea ulceration

52
Q

Keratitis

A

inflammation of the cornea
CS include corneal neovascularization (most common), corneal pigmentation, corneal fibrosis, corneal ulceration, and white blood cell infiltration

53
Q

Symblepharon

A

permanent adhesion between the conjunctiva and cornea

54
Q

Ghost vessels

A

non perfused corneal blood vessels

these vessel tracks provide evidence of previous keratitis

55
Q

Chemosis

A

edema of conjunctiva

56
Q

Precorneal tear film

A

components of the tears which include an outer, oily layer (produced by the meibomian glands), a middle aqueous layer (produced by the lacrimal and third eyelid glands) and an inner mucin layer (produced by the conjunctival goblet cels)

57
Q

Quantitative keratoconjunctivitis sicca

A

Inflammation of the cornea and conjunctiva secondary to dryness caused by impaired lacrimal gland function and decreased tear flow

58
Q

qualitative keratoconjunctivitis sicca

A

inflammation of the corneal and conjunctival secondary due to inadequate production of the mucin or lipid components of the precorneal tear film

59
Q

Neurogenic keratoconjunctivitis sicca

A

inflammation of the cornea and conjunctiva secondary to dryness caused by loss of parasympathetic innervation to the lacrimal glands and ipsilateral nasal mucosa

60
Q

parotid duct transposition

A

surgical procedure for KCS that is non responsive to medical therapry where the duct of the parotid salivary gland is surgically relocated to the lower conjunctival fornix and saliva is used to replace the tear deficiency as the patient is fed small, frequent meals

61
Q

nasolacrimal drainage system

A

conduit for tear flow from the external eye to the nasal cavity.
it consists of the puncta, canaliculi, lacrimalsac and nasolacrimal duct

62
Q

dacryocystitis

A

inflammation of the nasolacrimal drainage system often due to obstruction from foreign bodies, infection, trauma

63
Q

dacryocystorhinography

A

use of contrast material for radiographic studies of the the nasolacrimal drainage system

64
Q

dacryocystorhinostomy

A

surgical procedure to construct an alternate nasolacrimal drainage system into the nasal sinuses

SAM (2 decks)

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