Ophthamology Flashcards
Central retinal vein occlusion
Retinal haemorrhages Marked dilated and tortuous vessels Cotton wool spots Optic disc oedema Macular oedema Retinal thickening
Glaucoma
PRV
HTN
Ischemic optic neuropathy
Pale optic disc with swelling
Temporal arteritis
HTN
DM
Central retinal artery occlusion
Pale retina and arteries due to oedema
Fovea looks like a cherry red spot
Vitreous haemorrhage
Diabetes
Bleeding disorders
Sudden visual loss
Flashes and floaters
Vitreous detachment
Mydriasis (large pupil)
Third nerve palsy Holmes adie pupil Traumatic iridoplegia Pheochromocytoma Congenital Amphetamines Tricyclic antidepressants
Holmes Adie pupil
Dilated pupil
Once constricted it remains small for an abnormally long time
Slowly reactive to accommodation but very poorly to light
Angoid retinal streaks
Ehlers danlos Paget's disease Sickle cell Acromegaly Pseudoxanthoma elasticum
Optic atrophy
Bilateral and gradual loss of vision
Pale and well demarcated disc on fundoscopy
Retinitis pigmentosa
Tunnel vision
Acute angle closure glaucoma
Severe pain
Reduced visual acuity, patient sees haloes
Semi dilated pupil
Hazy cornea
Scleritis
Severe pain and tenderness
Maybe underlying autoimmune disease eg. RA
Anterior uveitis
Acute onset
Pain
Blurred vision and photophobia
Small, fixed oval pupil, ciliary flush
Conjunctivitis
Purulent discharge if bacterial, clear if viral
Subconjunctival haemorrhage
Hx of trauma or coughing bouts
Episcleritis
Not painful
Mild non proliferative diabetic retinopathy
1 or more micro aneurysm
Moderate non proliferative diabetic retinopathy
Microaneurysms
Blot haemorrhages
Hard exudates
Cotton wool spots, venous bleeding and intraretinal microvascular abnormalities
Severe non proliferative diabetic retinopathy
Blot haemorrhages and microaneurysms in 4 quadrants
Venous bleeding in at least 2 quadrants
Intraretinal microvascular abnormalities in at least 1 quadrants
Proliferative retinopathy
Retinal neovascularisation - may lead to vitrous haemorrhage
Fibrous tissue forming anterior to retinal disc
More common in type 1 DM
Urgent ref for panretinal photocoagulation
Maculopathy
Hard exudates and other background changes on macula
More common in type 2 DM
Optic neuritis
MS
Diabetes
Syphilis
Unilateral decrease in visual acuity Poor discrimination of colours Pain worse on eye movement Relative afferent pupillary defect Central scotoma
