Ophthamology

Question 0

Central retinal vein occlusion

Answer 0

Retinal haemorrhages
Marked dilated and tortuous vessels
Cotton wool spots
Optic disc oedema
Macular oedema
Retinal thickening

Glaucoma
PRV
HTN

Question 1

Ischemic optic neuropathy

Answer 1

Pale optic disc with swelling

Temporal arteritis
HTN
DM

Question 2

Central retinal artery occlusion

Answer 2

Pale retina and arteries due to oedema

Fovea looks like a cherry red spot

Question 3

Vitreous haemorrhage

Answer 3

Diabetes
Bleeding disorders
Sudden visual loss

Question 4

Flashes and floaters

Answer 4

Vitreous detachment

Question 5

Mydriasis (large pupil)

Answer 5

Third nerve palsy
Holmes adie pupil
Traumatic iridoplegia
Pheochromocytoma 
Congenital
Amphetamines
Tricyclic antidepressants

Question 6

Holmes Adie pupil

Answer 6

Dilated pupil
Once constricted it remains small for an abnormally long time
Slowly reactive to accommodation but very poorly to light

Question 7

Angoid retinal streaks

Answer 7

Ehlers danlos 
Paget's disease
Sickle cell
Acromegaly 
Pseudoxanthoma elasticum

Question 8

Optic atrophy

Answer 8

Bilateral and gradual loss of vision

Pale and well demarcated disc on fundoscopy

Question 9

Retinitis pigmentosa

Answer 9

Tunnel vision

Question 10

Acute angle closure glaucoma

Answer 10

Severe pain
Reduced visual acuity, patient sees haloes
Semi dilated pupil
Hazy cornea

Question 11

Scleritis

Answer 11

Severe pain and tenderness

Maybe underlying autoimmune disease eg. RA

Question 12

Anterior uveitis

Answer 12

Acute onset
Pain
Blurred vision and photophobia
Small, fixed oval pupil, ciliary flush

Question 13

Conjunctivitis

Answer 13

Purulent discharge if bacterial, clear if viral

Question 14

Subconjunctival haemorrhage

Answer 14

Hx of trauma or coughing bouts

Question 15

Episcleritis

Answer 15

Not painful

Question 16

Mild non proliferative diabetic retinopathy

Answer 16

1 or more micro aneurysm

Question 17

Moderate non proliferative diabetic retinopathy

Answer 17

Microaneurysms
Blot haemorrhages
Hard exudates
Cotton wool spots, venous bleeding and intraretinal microvascular abnormalities

Question 18

Severe non proliferative diabetic retinopathy

Answer 18

Blot haemorrhages and microaneurysms in 4 quadrants
Venous bleeding in at least 2 quadrants
Intraretinal microvascular abnormalities in at least 1 quadrants

Question 19

Proliferative retinopathy

Answer 19

Retinal neovascularisation - may lead to vitrous haemorrhage
Fibrous tissue forming anterior to retinal disc
More common in type 1 DM

Urgent ref for panretinal photocoagulation

Question 20

Maculopathy

Answer 20

Hard exudates and other background changes on macula

More common in type 2 DM

Question 21

Optic neuritis

Answer 21

MS
Diabetes
Syphilis

Unilateral decrease in visual acuity
Poor discrimination of colours
Pain worse on eye movement
Relative afferent pupillary defect
Central scotoma