Ophthamology Flashcards
What makes up the retina?
- Macula
- Choroid
- Bruch’s membrane
- Sclera
What is the sclera?
- Outer thick white layer of the eye
What is the choroid?
- Layer of tissue behind the retina
- Contains many tiny BV and these help take O2 and nutrients to the retina
What is Bruch’s membrane?
- A thin membrane which helps to form a barrier between the choroid and the delicate retina
What is the Macula?
- 5mm diameter
- Centre is called the fovea
- Part of the retina that is most densly packed w/ ‘seeing’ cells - especially cones
What are common eye Dx in Opthamology?
- Cataract
- Glaucoma
- ARMD
- Diabetes (retinopathy)
What are the different types of cataracts?
- Age related
- Congenital
- Toxic/drug related
- Traumatic
- Systemic Dx
What is cataracts and what is its onset?
- Slow onset
- Opacity of the lens
What are the Tx options for cataracts?
- None - this is if it doesnt interfare w/ daily life
- Surgery - A lens replacement and is common - Phacoemulsification - intraocular lens implant
What is Glaucoma?
- A raised intra-ocular pressure- can be acute & chronic - optic neuropathy and has visual field defects
- The raised intraocular pressure exceeds BP and so no nutrients can get into the eye
What are the two types of Glaucome?
- Open-angle glaucoma
- Angle-closure glaucoma
What are the symptoms of mild glaucoma attacks?
- Pain in the eyes and haloes around lights
- Symptoms are relieved by sleeping
What are full-blown glaucoma attacks?
- Rapid deterioration of vision
- Intense eye pain
- Redness and watering of the eye
- Sensitivity to bright light
- Haloes around lights
- Nausea and vomiting
What is the Tx for Glaucoma?
- Reduce prod of fluid - topically - Drops - beta blockers
- Increase fluid drainage - incrase the # of holes where fluid can drain
(laser or surgery - trabeculectomy)
What is ARMD?
Age-Related Macular Degeneration
- A build up of cellular waste under the retina affecting the ability to see
- Drusen type/Atrophy (dry)/Neovascularisation (wet)
- Affects only central vision
What is Dry ARMD?
Most common type of ARMD
- Slow atrophy of photoreceptors at the macula - there is NO Tx so management options must be done
What is wet ARMD?
- Dry ARMD + leakage of blood and fluid at macula
- Much more rapidly progressive
- Laser Tx occasionally effective
- Visual distortion
What is ARMD Tx?
- None may be needed but also none may be possible
- Dietary vit/anitoxidant supplements
- Activayed laser - Phototherapy
- Intraviteral injections - anti VEGF (lucentis)
What are causes of diabetic eye Dx?
- Cataracts
- Glycaemic vessel damage - causing BVs to narrow and get ischaemic neurosis of tissues
- Leakage of microaneurysms & haemorrhage
- Ischaemia
- Neovascularisation - haemorrhage & fibrosis
What is the pathology of Diabetic eye Dx?
- Leakage of fluid from dilated capillaries
- Ischaemia
If you have diabetic retinopathy what can you get?
- Retinal Ischaemia
What is retinal ischemia?
- Closure of retinal capillaries - ischemia
- Most pronounced in retinal mid periphery
- Neovascularization` - retinal damage from leakage from weak blood vessels
What to improve in diabetic control for diabetic eye Dx?
- Glycaemia
- BP
- Cholesterol
What does sticky eye mean?
Bacterial conjunctivitis
