Ophthalmoscopy

Question 1

direct ophthalmoscopy

Answer 1

• hand-held instrument
• provide a magnified MONOCULAR view inside the eye
• limited field of view

Question 2

two types of indirect ophthalmoscopy

Answer 2

1. monocular indirect

2. binocular indirect

Question 3

monocular indirect

Answer 3

• better field of view than direct
• works well with smaller pupils
• less magnification than direct

Question 4

binocular direct

Answer 4

• allows wide field of view and stereoscopic fundus evaluation
• best used with dilated pupil

Question 5

Fundus Biomicroscopy

Answer 5

-refers to the use of lenses in conjunctino with biomicroscope(slit lamp) to view fundus

Question 6

types of fundus biomicroscopy

Answer 6

• hruby lens(attached to microscope)
• fundus contact lenses( hold lens on cornea)
• non-contact condensing lens(lens held in front of eye)

Question 7

Why dilation?

Answer 7

• enlargement of pupil with pharm drops
• allows better view of eye
• part of comprehensive eye exam

Question 8

Why do people resist dilation?

Answer 8

• blurred vision
• light sensitivity
• long lasting

Question 9

advantages to direct opthalmoscopy

Answer 9

• easier than BIO or fundus biomicroscopy
• good magnification
• ability to adjust focus from cornea to retina

Question 10

disadvantages to direct ophthalmoscopy

Answer 10

• limited field of view
• no stereoscopic viewing(no depth perception)
• dim image limits resolution

Question 11

direct ophthalmoscopy magnification

Answer 11

-like 15 times magnification

Question 12

why would you examine macula last?

Answer 12

-very senstive and it will be bothered the rest of the ophthalmoscopy if you do not

Question 13

does it matter what hand you use?

Answer 13

-yea, switch sides, switch hands

Question 14

what order should you look at things?

Answer 14

1. optic nerve
2. blood vessels
3. macula

Question 15

C/D ratio

Answer 15

-ratio of optic nerve cup diameter to total optic nerve diameter

Question 16

What is the cup is oval or not centered??

Answer 16

• measure horizontal and vertical

- record horizontal/ vertical

Question 17

what should you be looking at when analyzing the optic nerve

Answer 17

• C/D ratio
• rim color
• margins
• spontaneous venous pulsation

Question 18

what should you be looking at when analyzing the blood vessels?

Answer 18

• arteriovenous ratio

- AV crossing changes

Question 19

vein/ artery comparisson

Answer 19

• vein is larger and darker than artery

- artery usually goes over vein

Question 20

hardened arteriole

Answer 20

-artery is thickened and heavier so it causes a nick on vein

Question 21

fovea

Answer 21

• red dot inside macula

- if white dot inside of fovea, healthy and younger patients

Question 22

macula obervarions

Answer 22

homogenous color?

• foveal reflex?
• abnormal?

Question 23

is direct ophthalmoscopy sufficient as a stand alone procedure for fundus exam?

Answer 23

-nope

Question 24

what is more commonly used for a comprehensive fundus evaluation?

Answer 24

-BIO and biomicroscopy(slit lamp)

Question 25

So why would we learn direct?

Answer 25

• easy
• can supplement other things
• like if someone comes in with a red eye, just check real fast

Question 26

summary advantages and disadvantages

Answer 26

A
-high magnification
-easy
D
-limited field of view
-lack of stereopsis