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Ophthalmoscopy Flashcards

1
Q

an objective examination to determine the presence and absence of pathology

A

Ophthalmoscopy

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2
Q

Large aperture is used in ______ pupils to be able to see even in the periphery of the fundus.

A

dilated

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3
Q

EOR of dilated pupil

A

Myopia

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4
Q

most appropriate to use when px’s pupil is 3.5 to 5 mm (normal or also called undilated pupil), or when you do not know the size

A

Medium aperture

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5
Q

used in constricted pupils mostly observed in hyperopic patients

A

SMALL APERTURE

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6
Q

used when there is opacity in the transparent media or any pathology in the fundus (ex: cataract)

A

Half light aperture

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7
Q

Kinds of Measuring ophthalmoscope or graticules

A

Line or slit graticule
Grid graticule

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8
Q

detects elevation and depression in the fundus

A

Line or slit graticule

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9
Q

If line graticule is CLEAR and STRAIGHT

A

NO ABNORMALITY

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10
Q

Line graticule becomes BLUR and CROOKED

A

presence of ELEVATION or DEPRESSION within the fundus

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11
Q

If power indicator is RED or towards minus, there is ________________ ; if it is GREEN or towards plus, there is ________________

A

DEPRESSION

ELEVATION

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12
Q

use to approximate relative distance between retinal lesions, assess cup-disc ratio

A

Grid graticule

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13
Q

Measurement per circle of grid graticule

A

0.1

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14
Q

Filters

A

Red free (green)
Cobalt blue
Neutral or yellow
Polarising

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15
Q

FIlter

enhanced contrast in blood vessels and hemorrhages. It is used to differentiate between microaneurysms (dot) and deep hemorrhages (blot)

A

Red free

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16
Q
  1. Thin, lighter red
  2. Thick, darker red
A
  1. Arteries
  2. Veins
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17
Q

Cobalt Blue Filter is used after staining with________________ to observe corneal abrasions, punctate keratitis a nd lesions in the cornea

A

fluorescein dye

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18
Q

Widely used filter

A

Neutral or yellow filter

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19
Q

What kind of filter reduces UV exposure

A

Neutral or yellow filter

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20
Q

few direct ophthalmoscope are fitted with this filter to reduce glare during retinal examination

A

Polarising filter

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21
Q

Starting point of ophthalmoscopy
1. Examining ROR
2. Examining anterior or external adnexa

A
  1. Zero/examiner’s EOR
  2. +20.00D or maximum amount
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22
Q

Why is ROR red-orange?

A

because the light reflects, bounces back on the blood vessels within the fundus

23
Q

Negative ROR can be due to:

A

opacities in transparent media (cornea, lens, AH and VH)
retinal detachment
lesions in the retina

24
Q

If with movement, what is the location of the opacity?
1. Rapid
2. Slow

A
  1. Cornea
  2. Anterior to the crystalline lens or at the Aqueous Humor
25
Q

If the opacity does not move with the instrument or eye, where is it located?

A

At the crystalline lens

26
Q

If the opacity moves against the movement of the instrument or eye, where is it located?

A

Posterior to the lens (VH/retina)

27
Q

Used to identify the EOR present, or if the px has amblyopia or strabismus

A

Bruckner test

28
Q

What eor

Superior light crescent

29
Q

What eor

Inferior light crescent

30
Q

Normal CD ratio

31
Q

Which is more tortous? (Veins/arteries)

32
Q

Which shoould not be pulsating? (Veins/arteries)

33
Q

What is the EOR is the optic disc is slightly bigger?

34
Q

What is the EOR is the optic disc is slightly smaller?

35
Q

What is the type of astigmatism if optic disc is slightly vertically oval?

A

Against the rule

36
Q

What is the type of astigmatism if optic disc is slightly horizontally oval?

A

With the rule astigmatism

37
Q

What is the black ring surrounding the optic cup?

A

Choroidal ring

38
Q

What is the white ring surrounding the optic disc?

A

Scleral ring

39
Q

observed when the px is looking at the light or the ear of examiner

40
Q

True or false
Macula has blood vessels

A

False
It is devoid of blood vessels

41
Q

What is the plus lens used in binocular indirect ophthalmoscopy?

A

Condensing lens

42
Q

In indirect Ophthalmoscopy, image is

A

Real and inverted

43
Q

A 90D lens used as condensing lens in indirect ophthalmoscopy

44
Q

Direct/indirect

Wider visual field

45
Q

Magnification
1. Direct
2. Indirect

46
Q

Field of view
1. Direct
2. Indirect

A
  1. 2 Disc Diameter
  2. 8 Disc Diameter
47
Q

Structures viewed
1. Direct
2. Indirect

A
  1. Central only
  2. Central and periphery
48
Q

Stereopsis
1. Direct
2. Indirect

A
  1. ABSENT
  2. PRESENT
49
Q

BRIGHTNESS
1. Direct
2. Indirect

A
  1. LESS BRIGHT
  2. MORE BRIGHT
50
Q

Compensation of EOR
1. Direct
2. Indirect

A
  1. POORER
  2. EASIER
51
Q

VERSATILITY
1. Direct
2. Indirect

A
  1. POORER
  2. BETTER
52
Q

DISTANCE TO PX
1. Direct
2. Indirect

A
  1. CLOSER
  2. FARTHER
53
Q

IMAGE OF FUNDUS
1. Direct
2. Indirect

A
  1. VIRTUAL AND ERECT
  2. REAL AND INVERTED
54
Q

IMAGE OF FUNDUS
1. Direct
2. Indirect

A
  1. VIRTUAL AND ERECT
  2. REAL AND INVERTED

Visual Analysis (5 decks)

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