Ophthalmology pharmacology Flashcards
Give examples of beta-blockers used in ophthalmology.
- Timolol
- Betaxolol
- Carteolol
What are the indications for use of beta-blocker eye drops?
- Glaucoma (i.e. increase in IOP)
What is the MOA of beta blocker eye drops?
- Reduced the synthesis of aqueous humour
- Blockage of sympathetic nerve fibres in the ciliary epithelium
What are the potential side effects of beta-blocker eye drops?
- No changes in vision or pupil
- Hypotension
Give examples of alpha-1-agonists used in ophthalmology.
- Adrenaline
What are the indications for use of alpha-1-agonists in ophthalmology?
- Open-angle glaucoma (raised IOP)
What is the MOA of alpha-1-agonist eye drops?
- Reduce synthesis of aqueous humour
- Via decrease in cAMP
- Additional conjunctival vasoconstriction
What are the potential side effects of alpha-1-agonist eye drops?
- Mydriasis
- Blurry vision
- Ocular hyperaemia
- Foreign body sensation
- Ocular allergy
What is the main contraindication to using alpha-1-agonist eye drops?
Acute angle-closure glaucoma
Give examples of alpha-2-agonists used in ophthalmology.
- Apraclonidine
- Brimonidine
What are the indications for use of alpha-2-agonists in ophthalmology?
Glaucoma (raised IOP)
What is the MOA of alpha-2-agonist eye drops?
- Reduce synthesis of aqueous humour
- Via decrease in cAMP
What are the potential side effects of alpha-2-agonist eye drops?
- Mydriasis
- Blurry vision
- Ocular hyperaemia
- Foreign body sensation
- Ocular allergy
Give examples of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors used in ophthalmology.
- Acetazolamide (oral)
- Methazolamide (oral)
- Brinzolamide
- Dorzolamide
What are the indications for use of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors in ophthalmology?
- Raised IOP
What is the MOA of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors?
- Reduce synthesis of aqueous humour
- By inhibiting the action of the carbonic anhydrase enzyme
What are the potential side effects of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors?
- No changes in vision or pupil
- Non anion gap metabolic acidosis
Give examples of prostaglandin analogues used in ophthalmology?
- Latanoprost
- Travaprost
- Bimatoprost
What are the indications for use of prostaglandin analogues in ophthalmology?
- Raised IOP
What is the MOA of prostaglandin analogues?
- Increase aqueous humour outflow
- By decreasing resistance through uveoscleral flow
What are the potential side effects of prostaglandin analogues?
- Darkening of iris
- Growth of eyelashes
- Epithelial keratopathy
Give examples of direct parasympathomimetics (M3) used in ophthalmology.
Direct
- Pilocarpine
- Carbachol
Indirect:
- Physostigmine
- Echothiophate
What are the indications for use of parasympathomimetics (M3) used in ophthalmology?
- Pilocarpine –> specifically for AACG
- Others- raised IOP
What is the MOA of parasympathomimetics (M3)?
- Increase aqueous humour outflow
- Via ciliary muscle contraction
- Via trabecular meshwork opening (into canal of Schlemm)
