Ophthalmology Medications Flashcards
tx and prevention of opthalmia neonatorum
- form of neonatal conjunctivitis
- prevention: erythromycin ointment
- thin ribbon on each eye within 1 hour of birth
- tx: cefotaxime IM/IV BID x 7 days
tx of allergic conjunctivitis
slow or stop release of cytokine
1st line = topical antihistamine + decongestant
topical decongestants : alleviate erythema (redness, burning, stinging)
Keep Allergens Near Other People
- ketotifen (H1 receptor antagonist/ mast cell stabilizer/ eosinphil inhib.)
- azelastine (H1 receptor antagonist/ mast cell stabilizer)
- nedocromil (H1 receptor antagonist/ mast cell stabilizer)
- olopatadine (H1 receptor antagonist/ mast cell stabilizer)
- pemirolast (Mast cell stabilizer)
Red Flag Symptoms of the Eye
- reduction of visual acuity
- ciliary flush (redness at the cornea and sclera, and limbus)
- photophobia
- severe foreign body sensatiion
- corneal opacity
- fixed pupil
- severe headache with nausea
General Treatment for acute bacterial conjunctivitis
(List 1-5)
- Macrolides(erythromycin) (first line)
- Combo (TMP-Polymyxin B, polymyxin B with Bacitracin) (first line)
- Quinolones (Ciprofloxacin, moxifloxacin, ofloxacin, gatifloxacin) Expensive (reserved for recurrent infections
- Sulfa (TMP, sulfacetamide)
- Aminoglycosides (gentamicin, tobramycin, neomycin)
tx of hyperacute bacterial conjunctivitis
ceftriaxone 1g IM x1 + topical abx
refer to ophthalmologist
tx of viral conjunctivitis
- artificial tears
- the “Refresh” eye drops
- no preservatives and active ingredients are CMV, Glycerin, Mineral Oil, and PVA
- the “Refresh” eye drops
- Topical decongestants
- phenylephrine (alpha-agonists)
- tetrahydrozoline (Visine)
- **Be careful with long term use ⇒ rebound congestion
- NO longer than 10 days
Bacterial keratitis
bacterial infection of the cornea
- common pathogens: pseudomonas, gram - rods; strep; staph
- if left untreated can lead to corneal scarring and loss of vision
tx of bacterial keratitis
start with broad spectrum abx empirically
- start with: cefazolin & tobramycin or fluoroquinolones
- gram + cocci:
- cefazoline or vancomycin or bacitracin or moxifloxacin
- gram - rods:
- tobramycin, gentamycin, ceftazidime or fluoroquinolones
- gram - cocci:
- ceftriaxone or ceftazidime (3rd gen ceph) or fluoroquinolones
- Nontubercuolosis mycobacteria:
- amikacin or clarithromycin
Risk factors for Dry Eye
- older age
- female
- connective tissue disease
- vitamin A deficiency
- Androgen deficiency
- estrogen replacement therapy
Tx for Severe Dry Eye
- Systemic Treatments:
- stimulat muscarinic receptors:
- pilocarpine or cevimeline
- stimulat muscarinic receptors:
- Topical:
- immunomodulator that increases tear production
- cyclosporine ophthalmic emulsion
- xiidra (lifitegrast)
- immunomodulator that increases tear production
Drainage of Aqueous Humor
- 8% through the trabecular meshwork and the Canal of Schlemm
- 20% through the ciliary muscle
- modulated by:
- adrenoreceptors
- prostanoid receptors
- prostamide (porstaglandin ethenolamide) receptors
- modulated by:
What is the name of the angle that determines whether is is open angle glaucoma or closed angle glaucoma
irido-corneal angle
Intraocular Pressure
- Normal: 10-21 mmHg
- Optic nerve Damage over Several Years: 21-30mmHg
- Rapid Optic Nerve Damage: 40-50mmHg
- Emergency!
Open Angle Glaucoma
- Asymptomatic
- slow, insidious loss of vision
- may take 13-16 years
- 4-8% progress to legal blindless
- peripheral vision is most susceptible
- central vision preserved until advanced disease
What IOPs to refer primary open angle glaucoma?
IOP> 40mmHg = EMERGENT REFERRAL
IOP = 30-40mmHG: urgent referral (within 24 hours)
IOP = 25-29mmHg: referral within 1 week
IOP =23-24mmHg: repeat measurement to confirm