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4th Year Exams > Ophthalmology > Flashcards

Ophthalmology Flashcards

1
Q

How would you test an animal if suspected of keratoconjunctiva sicca (KCS)?

A

Schirmer Tear Test

Normal Result is anything greater than or equal to 15

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2
Q

How would you test an animal for suspected glaucoma? (more than one answer is possible)

A

Applanation tonometry with Tonopen - needs LA before testing - measures the force required to flatten an area of the cornea
Rebound tonometry - probe that is rebounded off the surface of the cornea - NO LA neeeded
Should be between 10-25 mmHg
Gonioscopy - direct viewing of the drainage angle

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3
Q

What is the difference between episclera and conjunctival hyperemia?

A

Whether there is a dichotomous division (branching) or not - Conjunctival hyperemia HAS DICHOTOMOUS division present while episcleral hyperemia DOES NOT
Conjunctival hyperemia is indicative of superficial ocular disease
Episcleral hyperemia is indicative of deep ocular disease

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4
Q

If superficial corneal neovascularisation is present - what is a differential diagnosis?

A

This is a sign of ocular surface disease - would see branching vessels on the surface of the cornea, DDx include:
Ulcerative keratitis - Fluorescein test would be + because of ulcer
Keratoconjunctiva sicca (dry eye) - would also see discharge present

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5
Q

What condition would be a contraindication for performing any ophthalmic diagnostics?

A

Corneal or scleral rupture - the eye is very vulnerable at this stage - these patients should be minimally manipulated and treated very fragile

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6
Q

What would be the best method to diagnose retrobulbar disease?

A

MRI/CT

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7
Q

Define the following:
OD
OS
OU

A

OD - right eye
OS - left eye
OU - both eyes

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8
Q

Define chemosis.

A

Inflammation of the conjunctiva - can be see around the eye (periocular)

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9
Q

Causes of chronic eye irritation in young animal

A

Distichiae (hair growing from meibomian gland)
Entropion - eyelid turned inwards
Trauma
Keratoconjunctiva sicca (dry eye - immune mediated disease)
Foreign body in TEL

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10
Q

Define Microphthalmia

A

Maldevelopment of the globe and its structures in the fetal stage

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11
Q

Define phthisis bulbi

A

Globe trauma leading to ATROPHY of the globe. can also be caused by advanced cataracts

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12
Q

What are red herrings for a small eye?

A 
ENOPHTHALMIA = when the globe retracts within the orbital cavity due to ocular pain, weight loss, and fat loss -common in OLDER CATS 
ANISCORIA = different pupil sizes
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13
Q

What are real causes of a large eye? (buphthalmia)

A

1º Glaucoma - congenital and inherited forms

2º Glaucoma - acquired due to an intraocular tumor or chronic uveitis

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14
Q

Possible causes of Corneal Neovascularization (RED EYE)

A 
Irritants (eyelid defect, chemicals..)
Chronic diseases (KCS, eosinophilic keratitis, chronic superficial keratitis, immune mediated keratitis)
Corneal Ulcers
Scleritis/Episcleritis 
Granulation tissue 
Neoplasia
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15
Q

Possible causes of Corneal Oedema (BLUE EYE)

A

Corneal ulcer
vascularization w/leaky vessels
intraocular disease (uveitis, glaucoma, lens luxation)

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16
Q

Possible causes of Corneal Pigmentation (BROWN/BLACK EYE)

A 
irritants
sequestrum
pigmentary keratitis
melanoma
foreign body
Uveal cyst may be present
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17
Q

Possible causes of Corneal Infiltration/Deposit (WHITE/YELLOW EYE)

A

Lipid
Calcium
Abscess
scar/fibrosis

18
Q

What are red herrings for a large eye?

A

EXOPHTHALMIA - globe being pushed forward due to an orbital mass effect
OCULAR PROPTOSIS - eyelids trapped behind globe equator
Corneal disease
Different colored eyes
Anisocoria (eye with mydriasis looks bigger)

19
Q

Possible causes of mydriasis

A 
FEAR 
Prechiasmal lesions 
Iris Atrophy - occurs with age 
Anterior Lens Luxation 
Glaucoma - 1º or 2º 
Dysautonomia - deregulation of the autonomic nervous system
20
Q

What is the purpose of an electroretinogram (ERG)?

A

Measures the electrical activity of the retina in response to light
Ex: there will be a flatline on the ERG with SARDs

21
Q

Possible causes of miosis

A

Uveitis

Horner’s syndrome

22
Q

Cause of retinal disease with NORMAL FUNDUS

A

SARDS - diagnose/confirm with ERG flatline

23
Q

What are the 3 key things used to describe the retina on examination?

A
  1. Tapetal reflectivity - if hyperreflective - it means that the neurosensory retina is THINNING
  2. Retinal Vasculature
  3. Optic nerve head - atrophy?
24
Q

What type of drug class is Acular? And what is it used for?

A

NSAID - normally comes in an eye drop form used to treat ocular inflammation usually following surgery on the eye

25
Q

What type of drug class is Timolol? And what is it used for?

A

Beta blocker - normally comes in an eye drop form used to treat glaucoma/high pressure inside the eye usually from systemic hypertension

26
Q

What type of drug class is Famciclovir? And what is it used for?

A

Anti viral - normally comes in an eye drop form used to help treat herpes virus (herpes viral conjunctivitis)

27
Q

What type of drug class is Latanoprost? And what is it used for?

A

Prostaglandin analog - used to treat high pressure inside the eyes/glaucoma

28
Q

What type of drug class is Tacrolimus? And what is it used for?

A

Immunomodulatory - usually used to treat KCS

29
Q

True or False:

Iridodenesis is a clinical sign of lens luxation.

A

TRUUUUE.
Iridodenesis means wobbling or shaking of the iris. When the lens is not in the correct place or is starting to become loose the iris shakes – This is due to the very close anatomic association between the iris and lens.

30
Q

What component of the tears does the meibomian gland produce?

A

LIPID PART

31
Q

What component of the tears do the goblet cells produce?

A

MUCIN

32
Q

What component of the tears does the lacrimal gland produce?

A

Aqueous part

33
Q

What component of the tears does the accessory lacrimal gland produce?

A

Aqueous part

34
Q

What procedure would you perform for the treatment of entropion in young puppies?

A

Placement of temporary tacking sutures - The skull of puppies will continue to grow - what might appear to be a good eyelid apposition at 2 months of age might be a future ectropion as the patient grows! Hence we have to wait to perform permanent surgery until the skull has fully grown.

35
Q

Which abnormalities occur in Diamond eye?

A

Combination of entropion and ectropion

36
Q

Causes of NLS blockage?

A

Nasal cavity neoplasia
Medial canthal entropion
Atresia of the upper and lower canaliculi

37
Q

What is the main osmotic component for the development of diabetic cataracts in dogs?

A

Sorbitol

38
Q

When visualising a cataract with direct illumination, the color of the cataract is _____.

A

WHITE

39
Q

When visualizing a cataract with retroillumination, the colour of the cataract is ____.

A

BLACK/DARK

40
Q

Sudden acquired retinal degeneration syndrome causes acute or subacute blindness because of acute death of which part of the retina?

A

PHOTORECEPTORS
SARDS is understood as a signal triggered in the body to make the photoreceptors go into apoptosis. This is the cause of blindness. Electroretinography reveals a lack of retinal function.

41
Q

True or False: Nuclear sclerosis is considered a true opacity of the lens.

A

FALSE BITCH! GOTCHA

4th Year Exams (8 decks)

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