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Year 5 > ophthalmology > Flashcards

ophthalmology Flashcards

1
Q

What device measures intraocular pressure?

A

Goldmann tonometer

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2
Q

long-sightedness

A

Hypermetropia

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3
Q

short-sightedness

A

myopia

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4
Q

elderly female, history of haloes around lights presents to A&E in evening with N+V, blurred vision and pain over eye

A

acute glaucoma

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5
Q

fixed and mid-dilated pupil, cloudy iris and lens, reduced visual acuity

A

acute glaucoma

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6
Q

where does aqueous humour drain into in a healthy eye

A

trabecular meshwork into canal of schlemm

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7
Q

tunnel vision (gradual loss of peripheral vision)

A

open angle glaucoma

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8
Q

what is IOP in acute angle closure glaucoma?

A

> 60mmHg (normal 10-20ish)

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9
Q

management of acute angle closure glaucoma

A 
topical BB (timolol) and carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (acetazolamide)- decreases aqueous production
oral glycerin and IV mannitol
pilocarpine (constricts pupil)
laser iridotomy
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10
Q

what is presbyopia?

A

long-sightedness occuring in old age

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11
Q

when should you consider cataract surgery?

A

when the cataract is causing visual acuity of <6/12

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12
Q

how to record snellen chart results

A

Top number = distance at which the test chart was presented (usually 6m), Bottom number identifies the position on the chart of the smallest line read by the ‘patient’. Eg; 6/60 means the subject can only see the top letter when viewed at 6m

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13
Q

name 3 RFs for cataracts

A 
age
trauma
UV exposure
smoking
DM
systemic corticosteroids
congenital
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14
Q

cataract surgery

A

phaecoemulsification

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15
Q

complications of phaecoemulsification

A 
bleed (choroidal)
endophthalmitis
vitrous loss
opacification of capsule
glaucoma
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16
Q

causes of corneal ulceration

A

bacterial: chlamydia/ pseudomonas
viral: HSV (dendritic)/ HZV
fungal: candida
protozoan: acanthamoeba (contacts)

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17
Q

causes of conjunctivitis

A

bacterial- chlamydia (neonates)/ staph/ strep
viral- adenovirus/ HSV
allergic

18
Q

name topical ABx eyes

A

chloramphenical/ fusidic acid

19
Q

what dies the uveal tract consist of?

A

anterior: iris and ciliary body
posterior: choroid

20
Q

photophobia, reduced visual acuity, pain, constricted pupil

A

anterior uveitis

21
Q

name some causes of anterior uveitis

A

seronegative arthropathies: ank spond, IBD, psoriatic arthritis
infection: TB, syphilis, HIV, toxoplasmosis
AI: sarcoidosis
malignancy: NHL, leukaemia

22
Q

what is a complication of anterior uveitis?

A

hypopyon

23
Q

what is Talbot/s test?

A

pain increases as eyes converge (follow finger to nose) positive in anterior uveitis

24
Q

redness and nodular swelling in 1 quadrant of eye, mild pain

A

episcleritis, self-limiting 1-2 weeks

25
Q

deep boring pain, wakes patient at night, photophobia, red swelling, reduced visual acuity, systemically unwell

A

scleritis

26
Q

conditions which may present with scleritis

A

collagen vascular disorders- RA, ank spond, SLE, wegener’s granulomatosus
sarcoidosis
IBD
gout

27
Q

what is a stye?

A

infection of lash follicle aka hordeolum

28
Q

how is a stye managed?

A

warm compress and chloramphenicol

29
Q

inflamed lid, crusting, gritty sensation

A

blepharitis

30
Q

management of blepharitis

A

chronic condition- baby shampoo and cotton wool
treat infections with ABx cream
tear replacement

31
Q

what stain can be used to visualise corneal abrasions

A

fluorescin

32
Q

management of corneal abrasion

A

analgesia

prevention of secondary infection with topical ABx and tetanus prophylaxis

33
Q

pathophysiology of diaabetic retinopathy

A

microaneurysms
ischaemia of retina
AV shunt formation

34
Q

non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy

A 
Microaneurysms
Dot and blot haemorrhages
Cotton wool spots
Hard exudates
normal vision
35
Q

proliferative diabetic retinopathy

A

Macular oedema- gradual reduction in vision
New vessel growth (neovascularisation)
Retinal haemorrhage
Vitreous haemorrhage- sudden loss of vision

36
Q

black curtain descending in one eye

A

Amaurosis Fugax

37
Q

how often are retinal photos taken for screening in DM?

A

5 yrs after diagnosis DM1, immediately DM2,

photos taken every year (every trimester in pregnancy)

38
Q

in what circumstances might treatment be offered for diabetic retinopathy?

A

macular oedema- focal laser treatment to seal aneurysm

proliferative retinopathy- pan retinal photocoagulation to regress new vessels

39
Q

name some changes that may be present in hypertensive retinopathy but not in diabetic retinopathy

A

AV nipping
sliver wiring
papilloedema

40
Q

cherry red spot on fundoscopy

A

retinal detachment

41
Q

drusen spots on fundoscopy

A

age related macular degeneration

Year 5 (12 decks)

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