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Neds Physiology > Ophthalmology > Flashcards

Ophthalmology Flashcards

1
Q

what CN is the lacrimal gland supplied by

A

CN7 parasympathetic

facial

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2
Q

where is aqueous humour produced

A

in the ciliary body

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3
Q

how does aqueous humour get from posterior chamber to the anterior chamber

A

through the pupil via the trabecular meshwork into the canal of schlemm

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4
Q

where in the anterior chamber is the aqueous humour reabsorbed

A

the iridocorneal angle

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5
Q

the ophthalmic artery is a branch of which artery

A

the internal carotid

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6
Q

name 2 branches of the ophthalmic artery

A

central retinal artery

posterior ciliary artery

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7
Q

what is the central 2/3 of the retina supplied by

A

the central retinal artery

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8
Q

what is the outer 1/3 of retina supplied by

A

the posterior ciliary artery

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9
Q

where do your superior and inferior rectus muscles move your eye

A

superior rectus = up and in

inferior rectus = down and in

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10
Q

where do your superior and inferior obliques move your eye

A

superior oblique = down and out

inferior oblique = up and out

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11
Q

which muscle goes through the trochlear

A

superior oblique

innervated by the trochlear nerve (SO4)

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12
Q

where do medial and lateral recuts muscles move your eye

A

medially and laterally osly

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13
Q

what is code to remembering what nerve supplies what eye muscle

A

LR6 SO4 AO3

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14
Q

in the blink reflex, what nerve conducts the AP on the sensory (afferent) limb

A 
CN V1 (ophthalmic)
1st branch of the trigeminal nerve
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15
Q

what are the 3 divisions of the trigeminal nerve

A

1 - ophthalmic
2 - maxillary
3 - mandibular

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16
Q

in the blink reflex, what nerve conducts the AP for the motor (efferent) limb and to which muscle

A 
CN 7 (facial) 
to obicularis oculi
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17
Q

where do sympathetic axons exit the spinal chord

A

T1 -L2

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18
Q

eye autonomics

where does the presynaptic sympathetic axons synapse

A

in the superior cervical sympathetic ganglion

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19
Q

what structure do the post synaptic sympathetic axons ‘piggy back’ on

A

the internal and external carotid arteries

the ophthalmic artery carries the sympathetic fibres into orbit

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20
Q

where do parasympathetic axons leave the CNS

A

craniosacral outflow

leave CNS via CN 3,7,9 & 10

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21
Q

what are the long ciliary nerves supplied by

A

sympathetic

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22
Q

what are he short ciliary nerves supplied by

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic

23
Q

what happens in sympathetic innervation of ciliary ganglion

A

eyes open wider
focus on far away objects
get more light into eye
emotional lacrimation

24
Q

what happens in parasympathetic innervation of the ciliary ganglion

A

stimulates obicularis oculi - makes eye more closed
focuses on near objects
lets less light in
reflex lacrimation (to clean cornea)

25
Q

what nerve supplies the afferent/sensory limb of papillary light reflex

A

CN 2 (optic)

26
Q

what nerve supplies the efferent/motor limb of papillary light reflex

A

CN 3 (oculomotor)

27
Q

what is the papillary light reflex

A

if you shine light into eye, it causes direct constriction of eye that light is being shone into and consensual constriction of the non-stimulated eye

28
Q

in between what 2 neurones does the bilateral response in the papillary light reflex occur

A

between the 2nd and 3rd neurone

29
Q

control of the lens

what happens in far vision

A 
no parasympathetics 
ciliary muscle relaxes 
ligament tightens 
lens flattens 
focus on object in distance
30
Q

control of the lens

what happens in near vision

A 
parasympathetics 
ciliary muscle contracts 
ligament relaxes 
lens becomes spherical 
focus on near object
31
Q

which CN carries the afferent/sensory limb of reflex tears

A

CN V1 (ophthalmic)

32
Q

which CN carries the efferent/motor limb of reflex tears

A

parasympathetic CN 7 (facial

33
Q

what is the vestibulooccular reflex

A

turns eyes in opposite direction of head movement
stabilises gaze during movement
CN III, IV, V3, VI

34
Q

what is the oculo-cardial reflex

A

reflex bradycardia in response to tension in eye muscles or pressure on eyes
CNS connection between CN V1 & X

35
Q

what is horner’s syndrome

A

impaired sympathetic innervation to head and neck

causes compression of cervical parts of sympathetic trunk

36
Q

where is CSF produced

A

secretory epithelium of of choroid plexus in the ventricles

37
Q

where does the choroid plexus come from

A

the 3rd, 4th and lateral ventricles

38
Q

what does CSF secretion depend on

A

the active transport of Na+, Cl- & HCO3 from across epithelium from blood to CSF

39
Q

explain the difference in ion levels between blood plasma and CSF

A

CSF has:
MORE Na and Cl
LESS K, glucose and protein

40
Q

what are the names of the foramen that connect the ventricles

A

lateral to 3rd = intraventricular foramen

3rd to 4th = cerebral aqueduct

4th to subarachinoid space = foramen of magendie and foramina of luschka

41
Q

how does CSF return from spinal chord to venous blood

A

via the arachinoid granulations into superior saggital sinus

42
Q

describe the cellular structure of retina

A

from anterior to posterior

ganglion cells –> bipolar cells –> photoreceptors

43
Q

what is the role of amacrine cells

A

receive input from bipolar cells

project it to ganglion and other bipolar cells

44
Q

what is the role of horizontal cells

A

receive input from photoreceptor cells

project it to other photoreceptor and bipolar cells

45
Q

explain the essence of phototransduction

A

photoreceptors have a depolarised resting membrane potential
with light exposure, the photoreceptor hyperpolarizes and turns OFF

basically, the presence of light causes the rod cells to hyperpolarize and turn off

46
Q

what sort of channel is the ‘dark current’

A

a cGMP gated Na+ channel

open in the dark, closed in the light

47
Q

the conversion of cGMP to GMP causes the cGMP Na+ channel to open. true?

A

nope - that conversion, using PDE as the enzyme, causes the cGMP channel to close

this causes the cell to hyperpolarize and turn rods OFF

48
Q

light hits the rhodopsin in rod cells 1st. true?

A

yeh - it comes in and hits 11-cis-retinal in rhodopsin

this causes a conformational change to make it 11-TRANS- retinal

this causes transducin to break away from rhodopsin and bind to the PDE on the rod cell

49
Q

what causes a reduction in the Ca+ and glutamate levels in phototransduction

A

hyperpolarization of the rod cell in light causes V-gated Ca+ channels to CLOSE

50
Q

what does a reduced level of glutamate cause

A

causes depolarisation of ON CENTRE bipolar cells (activates
and
hyperpolarization of OFF CENTRE bipolar cells (deactivates)

51
Q

what does activation of the on centre bipolar cells mean

A

the cone cells on the retina are being used to see

52
Q

what are the 3 layers surrounding the brain called

A

the meninges

53
Q

what’s the name of the 3 meninges

A

from outer to inner:
dura matter
arachinoid matter
Pia matter

54
Q

which nerve is susceptible to compression and herniation as a result of raised ICP

A

CN 3 (occulomotor)

Neds Physiology (7 decks)

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