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Opthalmology > Ophthalmology > Flashcards

Ophthalmology Flashcards

1
Q

What nerve is involved with Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus?

A

the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve

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2
Q

What are the general symptoms of Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus?

A

-malaise -fever -HA -burning & itching of the periorbital region

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3
Q

What are the facial S/Sx of Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus?

A

-****visicular rash involving the tip of the nose or eyelid margins****

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4
Q

What are the eye S/Sx of Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus?

A

-conjunctivitis -keratitis -anterior uvieitis

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5
Q

What is the Tx for Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus?

A

-high dose oral acyclovir within 72 hours after the eruption of the rash (800mg 5 times per day)

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6
Q

What is an Entropion?

A

-an inward turning of the eyelid (usually lower)

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7
Q

Who gets an Entropion?

A

-occurs most often in older people as a result of degeneration of the lid fascia

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8
Q

What are the complications of an Entropion?

A

-may follow with extensive scarring of the conjunctiva and tarus

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9
Q

What is the Tx for an Entropion?

A

-surgery if the lashes rub on the cornea -butulinum toxin injections may temporarily help

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10
Q

What is an Extropion?

A

-an outward turning of the lower lid

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11
Q

Who gets an Extropion?

A

-are fairly common in older people

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12
Q

What is the Tx for an Extropion?

A

-surgery is indicated if extortion causes excessive tearing, exposure to keratitis or a cosmetic problem

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13
Q

What is Anterior Blepharitis?

A

****a common chronic bilateral inflammation of the lid margins**** -involves the eyelid skin, eye lashes & glands

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14
Q

What is the cause of Anterior Blepharitis?

A

-ulcerative -staphylococci -seborrheic

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15
Q

What are the S/Sx of Anterior Blepharitis?

A

-irritation -burning and itching ****red-rimmed eyes & scales on lashes****

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16
Q

What is the Tx for Anterior Blepharitis?

A

-remove scales with a damp cotton tip applicator & baby shampoo -antistaphylococcal antibiotic eye ointment

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17
Q

What is Posterior Blepharitis?

A

-inflammation of the eyelids secondary to dysfunction of the meibomian glands

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18
Q

What other condition is associated with Posterior Blepharitis?

A

-acne rosacea

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19
Q

What else is common with Posterior Blepharitis?

A

-bacterial infection with staphylococci or a primary glandular disfunction

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20
Q

What is the Tx for Posterior Blepharitis?

A

-possible low dose systemic antibiotic therapy -short term topical steroids

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21
Q

What is Dacrosystitis?

A

-an infection of the lacrimal sac due to obstruction of the nasolacrimal system

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22
Q

Is Dacrosystitis a bilateral infection?

A

-no, this is usually a unilateral infection

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23
Q

What age groups are commonly affected by Dacrosystitis?

A

-infants (congenital) -people > 40 (aquired), F > M

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24
Q

What is the common etiology for acute Dacrosystitis?

A

-Staph aureus & B-hemolytic streptococci

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25
Q

What is the etiology for chronic Dacrosysitis?

A

-Staph epidermidis -anaerobic streptococci -Candida albicans

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26
Q

What are the S/Sx of Dacrocystitis?

A

-pain, swelling and redness of the tear sac area -Purlulent material may be expressed on pressure over the sac area

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27
Q

What is the Tx for Dacrocystitis?

A

-Dacrocystorhinostomy (adults) and ballon dilation -(Peds) probe in the nasolacrimal system +/- systemic antibiotics

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28
Q

What is a Hordeolum?

A

-an acute common staphylococcal abscess

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29
Q

What is an internal Hordeolum?

A

-a meibomian gland infection

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30
Q

What is an external Hordeolum?

A

****a stye****

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31
Q

What are the S/Sx of Hordeolum?

A

****acutely tender area**** ****painful, localized, swollen acutely tender area on the lower lid****

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32
Q

What is the Tx for a Hordeolum?

A

-warm compresses -antibiotic ointment -I&D: usually not initial treatment especially if small

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33
Q

What is a Chalazion?

A

-a chronic granulomatous inflammation of a meibomian gland

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34
Q

What are the S/Sx of a Chalazion?

A

****Nontender, hard swelling****on the upper or lower lid

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35
Q

What is the Tx for a Chalazion?

A

-incision & curettage -warm compresses +/- intralesional steroids

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36
Q

What is the most common eye disease?

A

-conjunctivitis

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37
Q

What are the bacteria etiology for conjunctivitis?

A

-gonococcal -chlamydial

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38
Q

What are the viral causes of conjunctivitis?

A

-Keratoconjunctivitis sicca

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39
Q

Other than bacteria and viral what other things cause conjunctivitis?

A

-Alllergy & Bacterial & Viral Conjunctivitis

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40
Q

What are the etiology for Bacterial Conjunctivitis?

A

-staphyloccoci -streptococi (strep pneumo) -Haemphilus -pseudomonas -moraxella

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41
Q

What are the S/Sx of Bacterial conjunctivitis?

A

-mild discomfort of the eye -itchiness -redness -purulent drainage

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42
Q

What is the Tx for Bacterial Conjunctivitis?

A

-Antibiotic gtts (sulfonamide) tid -warm compresses

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43
Q

How does one get Gonococcal Conjunctivitis?

A

-usually through contact with infected genital secretions

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44
Q

What is a major sign of Gonococcal Conjunctivitis?

A

-produces copious purulent discharge

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45
Q

Is Gonococcal Conjunctivitis an urgent situation?

A

-it is considered an ophthalmologic emergency because of possible corneal perforation

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46
Q

What lab is needed ti Dx Gonococcal Conjunctivitis?

A

-gram stain or culture

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47
Q

What is the Tx for Gonococcal Conjunctivitis?

A

-topical antibiotics (erythromycin or sulfa) -if cornea is perforated use 5 day course of parenteral ceftriaxone

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48
Q

Why is Chlamydial Keratoconjunctivitis such a big deal?

A

-Trachoma is a major cause of blindness worldwide

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49
Q

What are the characteristics of Chlamydial Keratocojunctivitis?

A

-Recurrent bilateral ****follicular conjunctivitis**** -epithelial keratitis -corneal vascularization

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50
Q

What is the Tx for Chlamydial Keratoconjunctivitis?

A

-oral tetracycline or erythromycin for 3-5 weeks

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51
Q

What is Inclusion Conjunctivitis?

A

-common cause of genital tract disease in adults

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52
Q

What are the characteristics of Inclusion Conjunctivitis?

A

****Follicular conjunctivitis**** -mild keratitis +/- lymph node

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53
Q

What is the Tx for Inclusion Conjunctivitis?

A

-oral tetracycline or erythromycin for 3-5, weeks, azithromycin 1 g po once

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54
Q

What is the usual cause of Viral Conjunctivitis/

A

-adenovirus type 3

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55
Q

Is this infection unilateral oar bilateral?

A

-often bilateral

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56
Q

What are the Sx of viral conjunctivitis?

A

-red palpebral conjunctiva with a copious ****watery discharge**** -scanty exudate

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57
Q

What else is associated with viral conjunctivitis?

A

-pharyngitis -fever -malaise ****preauricular adenopathy****

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58
Q

What is the Tx for viral conjunctivitis?

A

-warm compresses tid

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59
Q

What is Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca?

A

-dry eyes

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60
Q

What is the etiology of Keratoconjunctivitis?

A

-aging (hypo function) -systemic or topical drugs -hereditary disorders -systemic diseases (Sjorgren’s Syndrome)

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61
Q

What are the S/Sx of Keratoconjunctivitis?

A

-dry, red, and scratchy eyes

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62
Q

How is Keratoconjunctivitis Dx?

A

+ Schirmer’s test (filter paper), estimates the amount of tear production, if positive the ophthamologist will then perform a slit lamp (microscopic) exam with rose Bengal stain

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63
Q

What is the Tx for Keratoconjunctivitis?

A

-artificial tears

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64
Q

When does Allergic Conjunctivitis often occur?

A

-seasonal

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65
Q

What are the Sx of allergic conjunctivitis?

A

-itching -tearing -redness -stringy discharge +/- photophobia

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66
Q

What are the S’s of allergic conjunctivitis?

A

-edema (chemosis) ****“cobblestone papillae”****

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67
Q

What is the Tx for allergic conjunctivitis?

A

-antihistamine or mast cell stabilizer gtts

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68
Q

What other conditions are associated with allergic conjunctivitis?

A

-atopic asthma -atopic dermatitis -allergic rhinitis

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69
Q

What is Keratitis?

A

-a Corneal Ulcer

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70
Q

What causes Keratitis / Corneal Ulcer?

A

-most commonly due to infections

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71
Q

What are the other causes of Keratitis / Corneal Ulcer?

A

-exposure Keratitis (inadequate eyeled closure) -severe dry eyes -severe allergic eye disease

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72
Q

What are the S/Sx for Keratitis / Corneal Ulcer?

A

-painful red eye with photophobia -tearing -circumcorneal injection +/- discharge

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73
Q

Does Keratitis / Corneal Ulcer need prompt Tx?

A

-delayed Tx may lead to intraocular infection or corneal scarring

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74
Q

What is Bacterial Keratitis?

A

-infected cornea

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75
Q

What are the characteristics of a Bacterial keratitis?

A

-usually aggressive and often due to prolonged contact wearing cornea trauma

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76
Q

What is the etiology of an infected Cornea (bacterial Keratitis) ?

A

-Pseudomonas -strep -Staph -Moraxella

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77
Q

What are the S/Sx of an infected cornea (bacterial keratitis)?

A

-cornea is hazy usually with a central ulcer +/- hypopyon (exudate in the anterior chamber–like a hyphema but with puss)

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78
Q

How is a corneal infection (bacterial keratitis) Dx ?

A

+ gram stain or culture

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79
Q

What is the Tx for a Corneal infection (bacterial keratitis)?

A
  • Gm+ give cephalosporins gtts - Gm- give fluroquinolone or amino glycoside gtts
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80
Q

When Tx Herpes Simplex Keratitis what medication should not be given?

A

-NEVER GIVE TOPICAL CORTICOSTEOIDS

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81
Q

How is Herpes Simplex Keratitis Dx?

A

-Dendritic (branching ulcer) seen with fluorescent examination

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82
Q

What is the Tx for Herpes Simplex Keratitis?

A

-Acyclovir po 400mg 5 times daily

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83
Q

Describe Orbital Cellulitis?

A

-an abrupt onset of fever, proptosis, restriction of extra ocular movements, swelling, and redness of the lids

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84
Q

Who usually gets Orbital Cellutitis?

A

-children

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85
Q

What is the etiology for Orbial Cellulitis?

A

-infection of the paranasal sinuses

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86
Q

What is the Tx for Orbital Cellulitis?

A

-IV antibiotics

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87
Q

What is a Cataract?

A

-bilateral lens opacities causing blurred vision & gradual visual loss without pain or redness

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88
Q

What is the etiology for cataracts?

A

-increased age (senile cataracts is most common) -congenital due to rubella or CMV

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89
Q

What are the RF for developing cataracts?

A

-smoking -corticosteroid use

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90
Q

What are the S/Sx of Cataract’s?

A

-gradual vision loss & white pupil

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91
Q

What is the Tx for Cataracts?

A

-Surgery-ultrasonic fragmentation and replacement of intraocular lens (IOL)

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92
Q

What is Acute (angle-closure) Glaucoma?

A

-closure of a preexisting narrow anterior chamber angle

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93
Q

How common is Acute (angle-closure) Glaucoma?

A

< 10 % of all cases of glaucoma

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94
Q

Describe acute (angle-closure) glaucoma?

A

-severe pain and blurred vision due to a preexisting narrow anterior chamber angle

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95
Q

What are the RF for acute (angle-closure) glaucoma?

A

-elderly -hyeropes -Asians

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96
Q

What other things can increase the risk of acute (angle-closure) glaucoma?

A

****Pupillary dilation**** : darkened room, -stress -mydriasis gtts -meds : atropine imipramine atrovent

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97
Q

What are the S/Sx of acute (angle closure) Glaucoma?

A

-rapid onset of extreme pain -blurred vision ****halos around lights***** -N/V

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98
Q

What are the PE findings for acute (angle closure Glaucoma?

A

****moderately dilated fixed pupil**** that is nonreactive to light -red eye -steamy cornea -hard eye

99
Q

What are the Tonometry findings with acute (angle closure Glaucoma?

A

-hard eye with elevated intraocular pressure

100
Q

What is the Tx for Acute (angle closure) Glaucoma?

A

-First Line : IV acetazolamide 500 mg, then 500mg po -First Line : timmolol or carteolol drops, beta blocker -2nd line : topical steroids to reduce inflammation, then -miotic agent (pilocarpine) after 1 hr is given q 15 minutes -IV Mannitol -laser periopheral iridotomy

101
Q

What is the problem if Acute (angle closure) Glaucoma is left untreated?

A

-possible permanent visual loss if left untreated

102
Q

How much of Glaucoma is Chronic (open-angle) Glaucoma?

A

> 90% of all glaucoma

103
Q

What is chronic open-angle glaucoma?

A

-slow bilateral increase of intraocular pressure leading to loss of peripheral vision

104
Q

What are the RF for Chronic (open-angle) Glaucoma?

A

-advancing age -FMHx -diabetes

105
Q

What are the S/Sx of Chronic (open-angle) Glaucoma?

A

-none initially -eventual ****loss of peripheral vision**** over year leading to tunnel vision

106
Q

What are the PE findings for Chronic (open-angle) Gluacoma?

A

-pathologic cupping of the optic disks

107
Q

What is the Tx for Chronic (open-angle) Gluacoma?

A

-Prostaglandin Analogues (Xalantan) -B-blocking gtts (Timolol) -pilocarpine -laser trabeculoplasty

108
Q

What is Uveitis?

A

-inflammation of the uveal tract –iris, ciliary body & choroid

109
Q

What is the etiology for Uveitis?

A

-HLA-B27 conditions ****ankylosing spondylitis**** -ulcerative colitis -Chrohn’s disease -psoriasis -Reiter’s syndrome -herpes simplex/zoster -syphilis (“salt and pepper” fundus)

110
Q

What are the S/Sx of Uveitis?

A

-acue onset unilateral pain -redness -photophobia -visual loss

111
Q

What is anterior Uveitis?

A

-Iritis

112
Q

Which cells are affected with anterior Uveitis (Iritis)?

A

-inflammatory cells and flare within the aqueous

113
Q

What is the Hypopyon with Uveitis (Iritis)?

A

-layered collection of white cells (puss instead of blood like a hyphema)

114
Q

What are the PE findings with Uveitis (Iritis)?

A

-small pupil -Posterior synechiae (adhesions) -normal intraocular pressure

115
Q

What is Posterior uveitis?

A

-involves the Choroid -cells in the vitreous

116
Q

What is the Tx for Uveitis (Iritis)?

A

-Topical steroids -analgesics -mydriatics —Dilation of the pupil relieves discomfort & helps prevent posterior synechiae

117
Q

What is a Pterygium?

A

-fleshy, triangular encroachment of the conjunctiva onto the nasal side of the cornea

118
Q

How does one get Pterygium?

A

-usually associated with constant exposure to wind, sun, and dust -fairly common in the southwest USA

119
Q

What is the Tx for a Pterygium?

A

-excision only if the growth threatens to interfere with vision by approaching the visual axis

120
Q

Does Pterygium recur?

A

-recurrences are frequent

121
Q

What it a Pingueculae?

A

-Yellow elevated nodule on either side of the corneal (more commonly on the nasal side)

122
Q

What age group gets Pingueculae?

A

-common in persons over 35

123
Q

Do Pingueculae grow?

A

-they rarely grow but inflammation may occur

124
Q

What is the Tx for a Pingueculae?

A

-artificial tears or short courses of topical NSAIDS

125
Q

What is a Central Vein Occlusion?

A

****Sudden painless visual loss**** often upon waking in the morning

126
Q

What are the RF for a Central Vein Occlusion?

A

-glaucoma -HTN -diabetes -uveitis -increased lipids -thrombotic disease

127
Q

What are the PE findings for a Central Vein Occlusion?

A

-disk swelling -venous dilation -retinal hemorrhages -cotton-wool spots

128
Q

What is the Tx for a Central Vein Occlusion?

A

-treat macular edema with laser treatment

129
Q

What is a Central Artery Occlusion?

A

****Sudden profound visual loss****

130
Q

What are the PE findings for a Central Artery Occlusion?

A

****Cherry-red spot at the fovea**** -swelling of the retina -occasional emboli -cotton wool spots

131
Q

What is the Tx for a Central Artery Occlusion?

A

-Laying the patient flat -ocular massage -high concentrations of O2 -IV acetazolamide & anterior chamber paracentresis -thrombolysis

132
Q

How does a Retinal Detachment present?

A

-may be spontaneous or traumatic ****blurred vision without pain or redness often with flashing lights or new floaters

133
Q

What are the RF for a detached retina?

A

-cataract extraction -myopia

134
Q

What are the PE findings for a detached retina?

A

-hanging retina in the vitreous -superior temporal area is the most common

135
Q

What is the Tx for a detached retina?

A

-surgery with cryotherapy or photocoagulation to the retina

136
Q

What is an Amaurosis Fugax?

A

-retinal emboli from ipsilateral carotid disease

137
Q

What are the S/Sx of Amaurosis Fugax?

A

“curtain passing vertically across the visual field with complete monocular visual loss lasting a few minutes”

138
Q

How is a Amaurosis Fugax?

A

-carotid ultrasound or aniography

139
Q

What is the Tx for Amourosis Fugax?

A

> 70% stenosis = Carotid endarterectomy < 70% stenosis = aspirin +/- plavix

140
Q

What is the leading cause of new blindness in ages 20-65?

A

-diabetic retinopathy

141
Q

What is Nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy?

A

-dilated veins -microaneurysms -retinal hemorrhages -retinal edema -hard exudates

142
Q

What is Proliferative retinopathy?

A

-Neovascularization

143
Q

What is the tx for Diabetic Retinopathy?

A

-panretinal laser photocoagulation to prevent blindness -injection of anti-VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor)

144
Q

What are the RF for Hypertensive Retinal Changes?

A

-essential hypertension -acute renal failure -pheochromocytoma -preeclampsia-eclampsia

145
Q

What are the retinal changes for Chronic Hypertension?

A

-silver wiring & copper wiring -Arteriovenous nicking -flame-shaped hemorrhages -retinal exudates

146
Q

What are the retinal changes for Acute Hypertension?

A

-arteriolar narrowing -Cotton-wool spots -retinal hemorrhages -Disc edema

147
Q

What is Optic Neuritis?

A

-Sudden unilateral loss of vision and pain with eye movements (vision returns in 2-3 weeks)

148
Q

What medical conditions are associated with Optic Neuritis?

A

****Multiple Sclerosis**** -viral infections (measles, mumps, varicella)

149
Q

What are the S/Sx of Optic Neuritis?

A

****loss of color vision****

150
Q

What are the PE findings for Optic Neuritis?

A

-optic nerve swelling (rare) -flame-shaped hemorrhages

151
Q

What is the Tx for Optic Neuritis?

A

-IV steroids help

152
Q

What is Papilledema?

A

-Optic disk swelling due to raised itracranial pressure

153
Q

Is Papilledema unilateral?

A

-No, it is bilateral

154
Q

What is the etiology for Papilledema?

A

-Pseudotumor cerebrii -tumors -inflammation -edema -encephalitis

155
Q

What are the S/Sx for Papilledema?

A

-enlargement of the blind spot +/- loss of acuity

156
Q

What are the Tx for Papilledema?

A

-Acetazolamide -Optic nerve sheath fenestration or lumpboperitoneal shunt

157
Q

What is Macular Degeneration?

A

-leading cause of permanent visual loss in the elderly due to atrophy due to atrophy of outer retina

158
Q

What are the RF for Macular Degneration?

A

-whites -F > M -famly Hx -smoking

159
Q

What are the S/Sx of Macular Degeneration?

A

-gradual progressive of bilateral visual loss

160
Q

What is the PE findings for Macular Degeneration?

A

****retinal drusio**** (yellow deposits around macular region)

161
Q

What is the Tx for Macular Degeneration?

A

-none -laser photocoagulation may delay the onset of permanent visual loss

162
Q

What is a Corneal Abrasion?

A

-scratch on the cornea

163
Q

What are the Sx of a corneal abrasion?

A

-foreign body sensation

164
Q

What is the physical exam for a corneal abrasion?

A

-evert eye lid and observe with fluorescent dye

165
Q

What is the Tx for a Corneal Abrasion?

A

-antibiotic ggts or ointment

166
Q

What is the physical exam for an eye Foreign Body?

A

-may need fluroscein gtts to visualize -also inspect under lids

167
Q

How should a foreign body (non steel) be removed?

A

-remove with a cotton-tipped applicator

168
Q

How should a piece of steel foreign body be removed from the eye?

A

-steel foreign bodies leave a rust ring and should be removed by ophthalmologist

169
Q

What is the follow up care for removal of foreign body from the eye?

A

-follow up with polymyxin-bacitracin ophthalmic ointment and examine in 24 hours

170
Q

Does Ocular Bleeding, a subconjunctival hemorrhage affect vision?

A

-subconjuctival hemorrhage does not affect vision

171
Q

What are the symptoms of subconjunctival hemorrhage?

A

-minimal symptoms

172
Q

Where does subconjunctival hemorrhage stop?

A

-stops a the lumbus

173
Q

What is a Hyphema?

A

-blood in the anterior chamber

174
Q

What are the symptoms of a Hyphema?

A

-pain -photophiobia -blurred vision

175
Q

What is a Blowout Fracture?

A

-orbital wall fracture due to trauma -forces rupture the medial wall and floor of the globe -muscle and fat becomes trapped

176
Q

What is Enxophthalmos seen with a Blowout fracture?

A

****Diplopia on upward gaze****

177
Q

What is the Tx for a Blowout Fracture?

A

-surgery

178
Q

What are Ocular Motor Palsies cause by?

A

-all caused by tumor unless proven otherwise

179
Q

Describe a 3rd Nerve Paralysis?

A

-complete ptosis -slightly depressed eye -dilated pupil

180
Q

What causes a 3rd Nerve Paralysis?

A

-trauma -DM -HTN

181
Q

What causes a 4th Nerve Paralysis?

A

-Trauma

182
Q

Describe a 4th Nerve Paralysis?

A

-Upward deviation of the eye causing a vertical diplopia

183
Q

Describe a 6th Nerve Paralysis?

A

-failure of abduction of affected eye causing horizontal diplopia

184
Q

What should a primary care provider do for a presumed retinal detachment?

A

-refer & position patient with head down

185
Q

In what age range do you expect to most commonly find amaurosis fugal?

A

-patients older than 50

186
Q

What is the #1 cause of retinal artery occlusion?

A

-carotid artherosclerotic disease

187
Q

When Tx herpes keratitis should you use topical antiviral, topical steroid, or both?

A

-Dont use steroids -Topical antiviral and refer!

188
Q

A patient describes his vision as a curtain coming down and then going back up. What might be the Dx?

A

-Amaurosis Fugax

189
Q

A patient presents with a painful, red nodule on the eyelid. What Dx should you be thinking of? What Tx should you begin with?

A

-Hordeolum (sty) -begin Tx with warm compresses and progress to topical antibiotics if necessary

190
Q

A fundal exam shows a cherry red spot. What Dx should you be thinking of?

A

-Central retinal artery occlusion

191
Q

A college student presents with a little purulent drainage from one eye and tender preauricualr lymphadenopathy. What Dx should you be thinking of?

A

-Chylamydia conjunctivitis

192
Q

What should a primary care provider what do you do for presumed central retinal artery occlusion?

A

Ophthalmic emergency! Refer and intermittent pressure and release of the eye

193
Q

A patient presents with unilateral blurriness developing over a few days. Fundal exam shows a “blood and thunder” pattern. What is the most likely Dx?

A

-Central vein occlusion

194
Q

What is appropriate Tx for central vein occlusion?

A

-Typically self limiting. Tx underlying disease.

195
Q

Is glaucoma more prevalent in males or females?

A

-Females 3:1

196
Q

Give 2 Risk Factors for glaucoma?

A

-African american decent -diabetes

197
Q

What is yellow, brown fleshy mass on the conjunctiva which usually does not interfere with vision?

A

-Pinguecula

198
Q

A fundal exam shows a cup to disk ratio of > 0.5. There are also vessels bending over the disk. What is the most likely Dx?

A

-Glaucoma

199
Q

A patient presents saying he doesn’t seem to need his glasses anymore after 30 years. What is the most likely Dx?

A

-Cataract

200
Q

A patient has metamorphosis and a central blind spot. What is the most likely Dx?

A

-Macular degeneration

201
Q

What is the most likely quadrant for a retinal detachment?

A

-Superior temporal

202
Q

A patient presents with pain in one eye. The cornea is hazy and the pupils are fixed. What is the most likely Dx?

A

-Glaucoma

203
Q

What is the most common way of testing for metamorphopsia?

A

Amsler grid

204
Q

You notice drusen deposits on fundal exam. What is the most likely Dx?

A

-Macular degeneration

205
Q

A patient presents with irritated, burning and tearing eyes. You notice some scurf and scales. Where do you begin Tx?

A

-This is Blepharitis. Tx begins with good hygiene and moves no to topical antibiotics if necessary.

206
Q

A patient has a history of multiple stys. He now has a painless nodule on his eyelid and minor conjunctivitis. What is the most likely Dx?

A

-Chalazion

207
Q

What are the most common colors lost in color blindness?

A

-Red and green

208
Q

What is the term for eyelids that turn in?

A

-Entropion

209
Q

A fundal exam shows an opalescent retinal and boxcarring of arterioles. What is the most likely Dx?

A

-Central retinal artery occlusion

210
Q

What is the term for bilateral yellow plaques near the eyes?

A

-Xanthelasma

211
Q

What is the most common preceding event for orbital cellulitis?

A

-URI, sinus infection

212
Q

Vision loss described as curtain coming down should make you thing of what Dx?

A

-Retinal detachment

213
Q

You notice a bowing of the iris on exam. What is the most likely Dx?

A

-Glaucoma

214
Q

A CT scan of the head shows broad infiltration of orbital fat. What is the most likely diagnosis?

A

-Orbital cellulitis

215
Q

A patient presents with watery bilateral discharge from the eyes and contender pre auricular adenopathy. What is the most likely Dx? And what is the most likely pathogen?

A

-Viral conjunctivitis. Adnenovirus.

216
Q

How do you test for color blindness?

A

Ishihara plates

217
Q

A patient with a history of asthma presents complaining of stringy discharge from both eyes and severe swelling around the eyes. What is the most likely Dx?

A

-Allergic conjunctivitis

218
Q

What is the name for the triangular or wedge shaped growth on the conjunctiva that may interfere with vision?

A

-Pterygium

219
Q

What is the name of the test for dry eyes?

A

-Schimers’ test

220
Q

A patient having recently undergone cataract surgery presents complaining of vision loss in the operative eye. What is the most likely Dx.

A

-Retinal detachment

221
Q

A dendritic lesion is seen with fluorescein stain. What is the most likely Dx?

A

-Herpes keratitis

222
Q

Which nerve is involved in herpes zoster ophthalmic us?

A

-Trigeminal nerve, CN 5

223
Q

Your attending asks you to come and see an excellent example of Hutchinson’s sign. What Dx does the patient have?

A

-Herpes zoster ophthalmicus

224
Q

A patient presents with a dense corneal infiltrate and an epithelial defect seen with flourescein stain. What Dx should you be thinking of?

A

Corneal ulcer

225
Q

A feathery border in an eye exam should make you think of what Dx?

A

-Fungal infection

226
Q

A patient in the recovery room following foot surgery is complaining of severe photophobia. She feels as though something is in her eye. What it the likely Dx?

A

-Corneal abrasion (patient’s scratch their eyes before they are completely awake from anesthesia).

227
Q

What is the Tx for subconjunctival hemmorage?

A

-Reassurance

228
Q

A 19 year old male took an elbow to the face while playing basketball this morning. The whole left side of his face is swollen and he can’t look up. What is the likely Dx?

A

-Orbital fracture

229
Q

What is the first thing you should be thinking of if a pediatric patient comes in with blood in the anterior chamber of the eye (hyphen)?

A

-child abuse until proven otherwise

230
Q

A patient complains of seeing halos and rainbows around lights. She also complains of moderate photophobia? What is the most likely Dx?

A

-Glaucoma

231
Q

How long after a radiant energy burn do symptoms typically show?

A

-6-12 hours

232
Q

What is the term for eyelids that turn out?

A

-Ectropin

233
Q

What is the initial treatment for a chemical burn to the eyes?

A

-Irrigate, irrigate, irrigate

234
Q

Colorblindness is transmitted through what genetic pattern?

A

-Dominant X linked

235
Q

What is the term for being nearsighted? What type of lens do you use to correct it?

A

-Myopia, concave lenses

236
Q

A college student presents with copious purulent drainage from one eye. What is the most likely diagnosis?

A

-Niesserial conjunctivitis

237
Q

What is the first line Tx for orbital cellulitis?

A

-IV antibiotics, followed by 2 weeks of oral antibiotics

238
Q

What is the term for being farsighted? What type of lens do you use to correct it?

A

-Hyperopia -convex

239
Q

What is tonometry used for?

A

-Determining intraocular pressure

240
Q

What is keratitis?

A

-inflammation of the cornea

241
Q

What is anterior uveitis?

A

-inflammation of the middle layer of the eye, which includes the iris (colored part of the eye) and adjacent tissue, known as the ciliary body.

242
Q

What is Inclusion Conjuctivitis?

A

-conjunctivitis caused by Chlamydia

243
Q
A

Opthalmology (3 decks)

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