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Year 6 > Ophthalmology > Flashcards

Ophthalmology Flashcards

1
Q

Define Acute closured angle glaucoma

A

A type of glaucoma characterised by the blockage or narrowing of the drainage angle formed by the cornea and the iris, resulting in a sudden increase intraocular pressure - primary ACAG = when the iris blocks the channel

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2
Q

Acute closure glaucoma risk factors

A

Hyperopia, age (lens grows w/ age and can push iris), Asian or Inuit ethnicity, pupillary dilatation (iatrogenic or due to being in a dark room)

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3
Q

Acute closure glaucoma features

A
  • Sudden onset, acutely painful eye
  • Blurred vision
  • Haloes around lights
  • N&V
  • Red eye = ciliary flush w/ a hazy cornea
  • Mid-dilated or fixed pupil
  • Closed iridocorneal angle on gonioscopy
  • Corneal oedema
  • Raised intraocular pressure (>21) - globe may feel hard on palpation
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4
Q

Acute closure glaucoma investigations

A
  • Gonioscopy to asses angle between iris and cornea
  • Tonometry = measures IOP
  • Examination of eye
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5
Q

Acute closure glaucoma management

A

IOP must be reduced ASAP to prevent further dmg to the ocular nerve and preserve vision:
- IOP-lowering agents = beta blockers, pilocarpine and IV acetazolamide
- IV mannitol if those don’t work (rare)
- Analgesia and antiemetics

Aim of medical management is to stabilise/reduce IOP whilst awaiting definitive surgical intervention:
- Peripheral iridotomy = laser used to make a hole in the peripheral iris to allow free flow of aqueous (contralateral eye also treated prophylactically)
- Surgical iridectomy = rarely used

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6
Q

Define Age-related macular degeneration

A

The degeneration of photoreceptors in the central retina (macula) that leads to the formation of drusen, which are visible on split-lamp biomicroscopy - can be dry or wet

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7
Q

Dry VS wet macular degeneration

A

Dry:
- 85-90% of cases
- Has drusen (yellow pigmented spots on retina) and macular thinning
- Slowly progresses over decades

Wet:
- 10-15% of cases
- Has neovascularisation, bleeding and leakage of fluid
- Rapidly progresses over months w/ poor prognosis

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8
Q

Age-related macular degeneration features

A
  • Progressive loss of vision (worse for near and central vision)
  • Variablitiy in visual disturbance from day to day
  • Poor night vision
  • Photopsia = perceived flickering of lights
  • Glare
  • Visual distortion (esp line perception = metamorphopsia)
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9
Q

Age-related macular degeneration investigations

A
  • Slit-lamp biomicroscopy = allows identification of drusen or haemorrhages for diagnosis
  • Colour fundus photography = done at each assessment to monitor progression
  • Fluorescein angiography = used to identify neovascular ARMD to guide anti-VEGF therapy
  • Ocular coherence tomography = allows assessment of all layers of the retina and identification of disease not visible of split-lamp
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10
Q

Age-related macular degeneration management

A
  • Smocking cessation
  • Dry = zinc, antioxidants, Vit A/C/E have been shown to reduce progression
  • Wet = anti-VEGF injections to limit progression and even reduce vision loss (done monthly)
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11
Q

Define Amblyopia

A

AKA lazy eye - A developmental defect of cortical visual processing resulting from abnormal visual stimulation during early childhood, which leads to visual impairment - usually unilateral but can affect both eyes

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12
Q

Amblyopia causes

A

Any cause of reduced visual stimulation on 1 eye:
- Squints
- Unequal refractive error
- Congenital cataracts
- Tumours blocking the visual axis

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13
Q

Amblyopia features

A
  • Blurred or cloudy vision
  • Double vision
  • Poor depth perception
  • Eye fatigue
  • Strabismus
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14
Q

Amblyopia management

A

Patch the good eye before the age of 8

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15
Q

Define Bacterial keratitis

A

A bacterial infection of the cornea, a common but sight-threatening ophthalmic emergency - often associated with minor trauma to the cornea, contact lens use or ocular surgery - most common bacteria in contact lens users = Pseudomonas

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16
Q

Bacterial keratitis features

A
  • Pain
  • Foreign body sensation
  • Tearing/purulent discharge
  • Red eye
  • Corneal ulcers - may be visible w/ fluorescein staining
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17
Q

Bacterial keratitis investigation

A
  • Emergency evaluation by ophthalmologist
  • Corneal scrape to identify organisms = diagnostic
  • Send contact lenses for culture
  • Slit-lamp to assess cornea
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18
Q

Bacterial keratitis management

A
  • Cessation of contact usage
  • Topical (or sometimes oral) quinolones
  • Cyclopentolate can be used for pain relief
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19
Q

Differentials for a tumour of the eyelid

A
  • BCC = pearly sheen, rolled edges, ulcerative
  • Squamous papilloma = papillary shaped w/ keratinised surface
  • Seborrheic keratosis
  • Sty
  • Chalazion = initially painful but resolves to leave a non-tender lump
  • Naevus = well-demarcated, pigmented lesion
  • Xanthelasma = soft yellow lesion
  • Molluscum contagiosum
  • Hidrocystoma/cystadenoma = cystic lesions occurring due to blocked sweat glands
  • Epidermoid cyst = inflamed/infected hair follicle
  • Dacryocystitis = cystic lesion caused by blockage of the nasolacrimal gland
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20
Q

Define Blepharitis

A

A term that encompasses various conditions which cause chronic inflammation of he eyelid margin

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21
Q

Blepharitis causes

A

Staph infections, HSV or VZV infections, Meibomian gland dysfunction, seborrheic dermatitis or rosacea

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22
Q

Blepharitis features

A

Symptoms:
- Painful, gritty, itchy eyes
- Eyelids sticking together upon waking
- Dry eyes
- Symptoms associated w/ causative condition

Signs:
- Erythema of the eyelid margin
- Crusting or scaling at eyelid margin
- Visibly blocked Meibomian glands

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23
Q

Blepharitis management

A

Is a chronic condition w/ no cure - can be controlled:
- Lid hygiene at least twice a day
- Avoid contact usage during flare ups

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24
Q

Define Carotid cavernous fistula

A

An abnormal communication between the carotid artery and the cavernous sinus, leading to bleeding into the sinus - can be idiopathic or due to trauma (head injury, surgery, sinus thrombosis, aneurysm)

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25
Q

Carotid cavernous fistula features

A
  • Pulsatile proptosis = forwards displacement of the eye associated w/ a pulsating sensation
  • A bruit
  • Severely injected conjunctiva
  • CN III, IV and V impingements
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26
Q

Carotid cavernous fistula investigations

A
  • Angiography (gold standard)
  • MR/CT
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27
Q

Carotid cavernous fistula management

A
  • Endovascular techniques = coil embolization or balloon occlusions
  • Surgical repair if that doesn’t work
  • Corticosteroids
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28
Q

Define Cataract

A

An opacity in the lens, typically caused by the denaturing of lens proteins

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29
Q

Cataract features

A
  • Gradual painless loss of vision
  • Haloes around lights, particularly at night
  • Loss of red reflex
  • Brown/white appearance of the lens upon slit-lamp biomicroscopy
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30
Q

Cataract management

A

Surgical intervention:
- Phacoemulsification = braking down the existing lens w/ US waves
- The a Psuedophakia = implanting an artificial lens

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31
Q

Cataract surgery complications

A
  • Endophthalmitis = severe pain, loss of vision, hyperaemia - occurs w/in days
  • Posterior lens capsule opacification = blurry vision and a visible white opacity - occurs w/in a few weeks
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32
Q

What is the blood supply of the retina?

A

1) Central retinal artery:
- A branch of the ophthalmic artery, which itself is the 1st branch of the carotid artery
- Enters the eye at the optic disk, then branches into the superior and inferior retinal arteries, before branching again into the temporal and nasal subdivisions, which each supply a quadrant

2) Choriocapillaries = capillaries of the choroid which supply the peripheral retina

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33
Q

Define Central retinal artery occlusion

A

Occlusion of the central retinal artery (essentially a stroke of the eye) before it branches into the superior and inferior retinal arteries - occlusions after the branching = branch retinal artery occlusion

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34
Q

Central retinal artery occlusion causes

A
  • Atherosclerosis (90%)
  • Embolism
  • Inflammatory (GCA, SLE)
  • Thrombophilia
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35
Q

Central retinal artery occlusion features

A
  • Sudden-onset, painless loss of vision that typically occurs over seconds - in almost all cases vision is reduced to counting fingers
  • Pts may report a Hx of amaurosis fugax
  • Classical finding is a pale retina w/ a cherry red spot at the macula - on fundoscopy
  • Pts may have a RAPD
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36
Q

Central/branching retinal artery occlusion management

A

Dmg becomes irreversible very quickly, so treatment beyond 90-100 minutes is unlikely to improve vision

Aim of treatment is to reperfuse the ischaemic retina:
- Ocular massage aiming to dislodge the embolus
- Vasodilation w/ isosorbide dinitrate
- Anterior chamber paracentesis aiming to reduce the IOP to help dislodge to embolus

Long-term management = secondary prevention of further ischaemic incidents

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37
Q

Branching retinal artery occlusion features

A

Sudden-onset, painless loss of the visual fields supplies by the occluded artery

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38
Q

Central retinal vein occlusion features

A
  • Sudden, painless loss of vision or visual field defects
  • Retinal neovascularisation and subsequent haemorrhage
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39
Q

Central retinal vein occlusion fundoscopy findings

A

Findings described as a “stormy sunset”:
- Numerous flame haemorrhages
- Dot and blot haemorrhages
- Cotton wool spots
- Retinal oedema
- Dilated or tortuous retinal veins
- Visual field defects, depending on the site of the occlusion

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40
Q

Central retinal vein occlusion management

A
  • Retinal neovascularisation is managed w/ laser photocoagulation
  • Macular oedema is treated w/ intravitreal anti-VEGF or corticosteroids if those are contraindicated
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41
Q

Define Chronic open angle glaucoma

A

The death of optic nerve fibres w/ or w/out raised IOP - this is due to progressively impaired aqueous humour drainage through the trabecular meshwork causing IOP - the pressure gradual dmgs the optic nerve

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42
Q

Chronic open angle glaucoma risk facors

A
  • Raised IOP
  • HTN
  • DM
  • Corticosteroids
  • Myopia
  • Afro-Caribbean
  • Increased age
  • Genetics
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43
Q

Chronic open angle glaucoma features

A

Pts typically have no symptoms and the glaucoma is diagnosed through screening tests

Advanced cases show loss of peripheral vision and central scotoma (blind spot)

Fundoscopy/slit-lamp assessment may show:
- Pale optic disc = indicates nerve atrophy
- Optic disc cupping = cup:disc >0.7
- Retinal vessel bayonetting = when vessels appear to have a break as they enter the deep cup and then reappear at the base

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44
Q

Chronic open angle glaucoma investigations

A
  • IOP measurements w/ Goldmann applanation tonometry (gold standard)
  • Central corneal thickness measurements - variations is thickness can affected the IOP measurements
  • Automated visual field measurements
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45
Q

Chronic open angle glaucoma management

A

Primary goal is to prevent disease progression and preserve visual fields and acuity - difficult to reverse dmg done.

Primarily done by reducing IOP - treatment is indicated if IOP >24 mmHg or there is an identifiable risk of visual impairment

1st line = surgical management w/ selective laser trabeculoplasty
2nd line = medical - prostaglandin analogues (latanoprost) then beta blockers (timolol)

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46
Q

Types of Conjunctivitis

A

Allergic (most common) = type I hypersensitivity reaction commonly to pollen, dust mites or pet dander

Viral (most common infective) = most often caused by adenoviruses but can also be due to HSV - often associated w/ URTIs and colds

Bacterial = commonly due to staph aureus, strep pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis - can also be due to gonorrhoea and chlamydia

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47
Q

Conjunctivitis features

A
  • Eye redness
  • Itching
  • Irritation
  • Excessive tearing
  • Discharge = serous in allergic and viral, purulent in bacterial
  • Photophobia suggests corneal involvement= keratoconjunctivitis
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48
Q

Conjunctivitis management

A
  • Allergic = antihistamines
  • Viral = self-limiting
  • Bacterial = self-limiting, but can use chloramphenicol if severe
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49
Q

Define Corneal arcus

A

The deposition of lipids in the periphery of the cornea, resulting in visible white/blue/grey opaque rings - common in the elderly, but in under 40’s it may be indicative of underlying lipid metabolism disorder

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50
Q

Corneal graft rejection features

A
  • Oedema
  • Iritis
  • Redness
  • Pain
  • Visual loss
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51
Q

Corneal graft rejection management

A
  • Intensive topical steroid treatment to supress immune response
  • Frequent follow-ups
  • Re-grafting if severe
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52
Q

Define Dacryocystitis

A

An infection of the lacrimal sac, typically resulting from an obstruction in the nasolacrimal (tear) ducts as the stagnant fluid breeds bacteria

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53
Q

Dacryocystitis features

A
  • Pain and tenderness of the medial canthus
  • Watering of the eye
  • Potential presence of purulent discharge
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54
Q

Dacryocystitis management

A
  • Systemic abx
  • Analgesia
  • Close monitoring to prevent the spread to the conjunctiva or orbit
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55
Q

Stages of Diabetic retinopathy

A

Non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy:
- Mild NPDR = microaneurysms and dot haemorrhages on fundoscopy
- Moderate NPDR = microaneurysms, dot and blot haemorrhages, cotton-wool spots and hard exudates
- Severe = beaded veins, intra-retinal microvascular abnormalities and extensive retinal haemorrhages

Proliferative diabetic retinopathy = neovascularisation and fibrous proliferation on the retina or vitreous (higher risk of severe vision loss)

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56
Q

Diabetic retinopathy pathophysiology

A

Chronic hyperglycaemia leads to thickening of the BM and loss pericytes in the retinal capillaries.

This results in capillary occlusion and leakage, leading to retinal ischaemia and formation of new, fragile vessels

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57
Q

Diabetic retinopathy features

A
  • Early stage = asymptomatic
  • Floater or dark spots in the vision
  • Blurred or distorted vision
  • Loss of night vision
  • Sudden loss of vision
  • Fundoscopy changes
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58
Q

Diabetic retinopathy management

A
  • Optimisation of glucose control
  • Laser photocoagulation for PDR and clinically significant macular oedema
  • Intravitreal injections of anti-VEGF agents for macular oedema
  • Vitrectomy surgery for advanced cases e.g. vitreous haemorrhage or retinal detachment
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59
Q

Diabetic retinopathy complications

A
  • Vitreous haemorrhage
  • Tractional retinal detachment
  • Macular oedema
  • Neovascular glaucoma
  • Blindness
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60
Q

Define Subconjunctival haemorrhage

A

Harmless haemorrhage into the space between the conjunctiva and the sclera due to rupture of a fragile blood vessel - commonly caused by coughing, sneezing or eye trauma (always check for Warfarin and BP)

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61
Q

Subconjunctival haemorrhage features

A

Completely bloodshot/blood filled eye

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62
Q

Define Endophthalmitis

A

Severe inflammation of the interior of the eye, commonly resulting from infection - primarily occurs post-surgery (e.g. cataracts) but rarely from endogenous seeding

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63
Q

Endophthalmitis features

A
  • Red eye
  • Eye pain
  • Decreased visual acuity
  • Photophobia
  • Floaters
  • Hypopyon (pus collection in the anterior chamber)
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64
Q

Endophthalmitis investigations

A

Detailed ocular exam

Microbial culture of vitreous and aqueous humour

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65
Q

Endophthalmitis management

A

Intravitreal antibiotics (usually vancomycin)

In severe cases, vitrectomy may be required

66
Q

What is the Sclera?

A

The white, fibrous tissue that covers the outside of the eyeball

67
Q

What is the Epiclera?

A

A thin, clear vascular membrane that covers the sclera

Located between the sclera and conjunctiva

68
Q

What is the Conjunctiva?

A

A thin, clear membrane that covers the inner surface of the eyelid and outer part of the eye (above the sclera and episclera)

69
Q

Scleritis features

A
  • Red eye/visible vessels
  • Severe pain in the orbit and on eye movements
  • Bluish tinge to the whites of the ey (in severe/necrotising disease)
  • Systemic symptoms in 50% of pts
70
Q

Episceritis features

A
  • Tenderness over the inflamed area
  • Milder/no pain compared to scleritis
  • Visible vessels which move/blanch when pressed w/ a cotton wool bud
71
Q

Scleritis management

A
  • NSAIDs e.g. flurbiprofen
  • Corticosteroids for more severe cases
  • Steroid-sparing agents for long term
72
Q

Episceritis management

A

Supportive e.g. artificial tears - most cases resolve w/in weeks

73
Q

Define Herpes simplex keratitis

A

Severe infection by reactivated HSV1 - primarily affects the cornea

74
Q

Herpes simplex keratitis features

A
  • Acute pain
  • Photophobia
  • Epiphora (excessive tearing)
  • Pathognomonic dendritic ulcers under slit-lamp w/ fluorescein
75
Q

Herpes simplex keratitis management

A
  • Topical acyclovir
  • Phylactic antivirals in recurrent cases
  • Corneal transplant in severe cases
76
Q

Define Herpes zoster ophthalmicus

A

Infection of the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve by VZV that lay dormant in the trigeminal ganglion - can also invade the cornea

77
Q

Herpes zoster ophthalmicus features

A
  • Painful red eye
  • Fever
  • Malaise
  • Headache
  • Erythematous vesicular rash over the trigeminal division of the ophthalmic nerve

Hutchinson’s sign = a skin lesion on the tip or side of the nose, indicative of nasociliary nerve involvement - this indicates a higher risk of ocular involvement, so pts w/ this sign should have an urgent ophthalmology review

78
Q

Herpes zoster ophthalmicus management

A

Pts w/ Hutchinson’s sign should be urgently reviewed

Oral acyclovir +/- topical steroids

79
Q

Hypertensive retinopathy pathophysiology

A

Caused by prolonged HTN leading to dmg to the retinal vasculature - this is due to changes in the arteriole structure leading to vasoconstriction and leakage

80
Q

Hypertensive retinopathy features

A
  • Asymptomatic in early stages
  • Blurred vision
  • Sudden vision loss
  • Floaters
  • Fundoscopy changes
81
Q

Grades of Hypertensive retinopathy

A
  • Grade I = Vascular attenuation (narrowing of the retinal arteries)
  • Grade II = Above + AV nipping
  • Grade III = Above + retinal haemorrhages, hard exudates and cotton wool spots
  • Grade IV = Above + optic nerve oedema + silver wiring (increased arteriole light reflex due to sclerosis)
82
Q

Hypertensive retinopathy management

A
  • Control HTN
  • Laser photocoagulation for neovascularisation or macular oedema
  • Anti-VEGF for neovascularisation
83
Q

Intra-ocular foreign body investigations

A

Pts suspected of having an IOFB should have an urgent CT scan for confirmation

84
Q

Intra-ocular foreign body management

A
  • Urgent surgical intervention
  • Abx + steroid eye drops post-operatively
85
Q

Define Ischaemic optic neuropathy

A

A broad term which describes optic nerve dmg due to a lack of blood supply - categorised into anterior (most common) and posterior ION

86
Q

Define Arteritic Ischaemic optic neuropathy

A

An anterior ION that is due to inflammation of blood vessels supplying the optic nerve - almost always due to GCA and is an ophthalmic emergency

87
Q

Define Non-arteritic Ischaemic optic neuropathy

A

An anterior ION that is due to insufficiency in the blood vessels supplying the retina as a result of CV risk factors (e.g. atherosclerosis, DM, HTN)

88
Q

Ischaemic optic neuropathy features

A

Arteritic:
- GCA symptoms
- Sudden loss of vision
- Amaurosis fugax
- Altitudinal visual field defects
- Swollen optic disc
- RAPD

Non-arteritic:
- Sudden loss of vision (can be progressive)
- Usually painless but rarely can be painful
- RAPD
- Loss of visual fields
- Swollen optic disc

89
Q

Ischaemic optic neuropathy management

A

Arteritic = immediate systemic corticosteroids

Non-arteritic = no proven treatment, manage RFs

90
Q

Define Kayser-Fleischer rings

A

Copper coloured rings around the periphery of the cornea - associated w/ Wilson’s disease, cholestasis and PBC

91
Q

Define Keratoacanthoma

A

A rapidly growing skin lesion which develops from a hair follicle in sun exposed skin - looks like an SCC, but not invasive or metastatic - typically is a enlarged dome-shaped nodule w/ a central keratin-filled crater or horn - managed w/ excision

92
Q

Define Light near dissociation

A

A clinical sign where the pupil constricts on convergence or focusing on a near object, but does not constrict in response to direct light exposure

93
Q

Causes of a Light near dissociation

A
  • Meningitis
  • Alcoholism
  • Argyll-Robinson pupil
  • Adie syndrome
  • Pinealoma (tumour of the pineal gland which produces melanin)
94
Q

Primary ocular tumours

A
  • Retinoblastoma = most common ocular malignancy in children
  • Ocular melanoma = most common ocular malignancy in adults - usually arising in the uvea (choroid, ciliary body or iris)
  • Intraocular lymphoma = often affecting the retina or vitreous
  • Conjunctival melanoma
  • Eyelid carcinoma
  • Lacrimal gland tumours
95
Q

Cancers which can metastasise to the eye

A
  • Breast cancer = most common cause in women - affects the choroid
  • Lung caner = most common cause in men
  • Kidneys
  • Thyroid
  • Prostate
96
Q

Define Onchocerciasis

A

AKA river blindness - a progressive, chronic disease of the skin and eyes caused by the parasite Onchocerca volvulus (prevalent in rivers in the intertropical zone of Latin America and Arab penisula) - it is transmitted to humans by Blackfly bites

97
Q

Onchocerciasis features

A

Ocular:
- Itchy eyes
- Ocular pain
- Photophobia
- Blurred vision
- Glaucoma
- Night blindness
- Progressive blindness

Skin:
- Diverse patters of presentations e.g. rashes, nodules
- Pts can have multiple skin manifestations

98
Q

Onchocerciasis management

A

Oral ivermectin

99
Q

Define Ophthalmia neonatorum

A

AKA neonatal conjunctivitis = conjunctivitis w/in the first 28 days of life - commonly caused by gonococcal or chlamydia infection

100
Q

Ophthalmia neonatorum management

A

Topical or IV erythromycin (depending on severity) - prompt treatment is required to avoid blindness

101
Q

What does optic disc pallor represent?

A

A characteristic sign of optic atrophy where there is loss of optic nerve fibres - the end stage for many diseases

102
Q

Optic disc pallor clinical manifestations

A
  • Decreased visual acuity
  • Changes in the field of vision
  • Changes in colour vision
  • Loss of peripheral vision
  • Photopsia
103
Q

Causes of optic disc pallor

A
  • Glaucoma
  • Retinitis pigmentosa
  • Choroiditis
  • CRAO
  • MS
  • Leber’s optic atrophy
  • Syphilis
  • Persistent papilledema
104
Q

Papilledema causes

A

Unilateral:
- Vascular = DM, CRAO
- Inflammatory = uveitis, sarcoidosis
- Infective = herpes, toxoplasmosis, viral
- Optic neuritis (MS)
- Lymphoma

Bilateral:
- Raised ICP
- Malignant HTN
- DM
- Toxicity
- Ethambutol
- Lymphoma

105
Q

Papilledema features

A

Symptoms:
- Headache worse on standing
- Increased hypermetropia (due to eye shape changes)
- Transient vision loss (esp when standing)

Signs:
- Blurring of optic disc margin
- Absent venous pulsations of fundoscopy
- Haemorrhage over or near optic disc
- Increased size of blind spot

106
Q

Papilledema investigations

A

All Pts should be suspected of having an intracranial mass until proven otherwise

Use the Frisen scale for classification of severity:
- Stage 0 = normal
- Stage 1 = very early
- Stage 2 = early
- Stage 3 = moderate
- Stage 4 = marked
- Stage 5 = severe

107
Q

Define Orbital cellulits

A

Infection of the structures behind the orbital septum (a membranous sheet extending from the superior/inferior orbital rims and into the eyelid)

108
Q

Define Preseptal cellulits

A

Infection of tissue anterior to the orbital septum

109
Q

Orbital/preseptal cellulits risk facotors

A

Trauma, surgury, sinus infections (esp erthmoid), preseptal infections, dental abscesses, dacryocystitis

110
Q

Orbital cellulits features

A
  • Periocular pain and swelling
  • Fever
  • Malaise
  • Erythematous, swollen and tender eyelid
  • Chemosis (conjuctival swelling)
  • Proptosis
  • Restricted eye movements +/- diplopia
111
Q

Preseptal cellulitis features

A
  • Erythematous swollen eyelid
  • Mild fever
  • Erythema surrounding the orbit
  • Normal eye movements, optic nerve function
  • No proptosis or chemosis
112
Q

Orbital/preseptal cellulits investigations

A

CT orbit to distringuish between them

113
Q

Orbital cellulits management

A

IV abx

114
Q

Preseptal cellulits management

A

Young/systemically unwell = admit for IV abx

Else, oral abx and daily ophthalmological review

115
Q

Define Orbital blowout fracture

A

An orbital fracture where the orbital wall is fractured due to a sudden increase in intraocular pressure from the impact - most commonly affects the orbital floor and medial orbital walls as these are the weakest points

116
Q

Orbital blowout fracture features

A
  • Pain, particularly on eye movements
  • Swelling/bruising around the eye
  • Visual disturbances
  • Decreased eye movement
  • Numbness in the distribution of the infraorbital nerve
  • Vertical diplopa and restircted upgaze = can occur if the inferior rectus muscle becomes entrapped
117
Q

Define Posterior vitreous detachment

A

Where the vitreous gel (clear substances that fills the space between the lens and the retina) seperates from the retina

118
Q

Posterior vitreous detachment causes

A
  • Aging = vitreous gel shrinks and can naturaly sperate
  • Eye trauma
  • Severe myopia
119
Q

Posterior vitreous detachment features

A
  • Photopsia = sudden flashes of light perceived by the pt
  • Floaters = spots or cobwebs in the vision
120
Q

Posterior vitreous detachment investigations

A

Fundoscopy

121
Q

Posterior vitreous detachment management

A

Regular fundoscopy to monitor for complications (e.g. retinal tears/detachment) - concidered a normal part of aging

122
Q

Define Pterygium

A

Pathological overgrowth of the conjuctiva onto the corneal surface - tends to occur in people who have spent a lot of time outside as UV may be a risk factor

123
Q

Pterygium features

A
  • Reduced visual acuity
  • Eye irritation
  • Presence of a visible white fibrous opacity over the cornea, continuous w/ the conjuctiva
124
Q

Pterygium management

A
  • Artifical tears
  • Corticosteroid eye drops (if needed to reduce inflammation)
  • Surgical resection (if causing severe visual impairment)
125
Q

Define Retinal detachment

A

Seperation of the retina from the retinal pigment epithelium

126
Q

Retinal detachment causes

A
  • Trauma
  • Severe myopia (can thin the retina)
  • Previous eye surgery (esp cataracts)
  • DM
  • SCA
  • Age-related changes to the vitreous
127
Q

Retinal detachment features

A
  • Floaters
  • Photpsia (flashes of light)
  • Progressive and rapidly reducing visual acuity and visual field loss
  • Painless

The danger is that if the detachment reaches the macula sight may be perminantly lost

128
Q

Retinal detachment investigations

A
  • Fundoscopy = ensure to check if the macula is on or off as this informs management
  • Eye US
  • Optical coherence tomography = to provide corss-sectional images of the retina
129
Q

Retinal detachment management

A
  • Laser or cryotherapy = to seal retinal tears of holes
  • Vitrectomy = remove the vitreous and replace w/ a gas bubble or silicone oil
  • Scleral buckling = to push the sclera towards the retinal tear
  • Pneumatic retiopexy = push the retina back into place using a gas bubble
130
Q

Define Retinitis pigmentosa

A

A group of inherited disoders that cause a progressive peripheral vision loss and night blindness due to the degeneration of the rod photoreceptor cells in the retina

131
Q

Retinitis pigmentosa features

A
  • Tunnel vision due to peripheral vision loss
  • Night blindness
  • Difficulty adapting to low light settings
  • Loss of central vision in later stages
132
Q

Retinitis pigmentosa investigations

A
  • Fundoscopy = peripheral bone-spicule pigmentatation, optic disc pallor, retinal vessel attenuation
  • Electroretinography = reduced or abcsent rod reponses
  • Genetic testing
133
Q

Retinitis pigmentosa management

A
  • Support (e.g. visual aids)
  • Vit A supplements can help slow degredation in some pts
134
Q

Retinoblastoma aetiology

A

Can be herditary (germline mutation in RB1 gene) or non-hereditary (somatic mutation in RB1 gene)

135
Q

Retinoblastoma features

A
  • Primary symptom = leukocoria (white pupil)
  • Deteriorating vision
  • Strabismus
  • Failure to thrive
136
Q

Retinoblastoma managment

A

Radiotherapy or Enucleation +/- chemo

137
Q

Define External hordeolum

A

AKA Stye = An abcess at an eyelash follicle, typically caused by staph

138
Q

Define Internal hordeolum

A

An abcess of the Meibomian glands - can lead to a chalazion if it becomes blocked

139
Q

Define Chalazion

A

A blocked Meobiam gland (often by an abcess)

140
Q

Chalazion features

A

Initially painful eyelid, then evolves into a non-tender swelling which typically points outwards (laterally)

141
Q

Stye features

A

Painful, red, hot lump on the eyelid which typically points inwards (medially)

142
Q

Chalazion/Stye management

A
  • Warm compresses several times a day to promote drainage
  • Analgesia
  • Topical abx
  • If persisten, surgical drainage
143
Q

Thyroid eye disease features

A
  • Swelling of the orbital fat and extraocular muscles - results in bulging eyes
  • Ocular pain, worse on movement
  • Painful eyelids
  • Dry, red eyes
  • Lid retraction and lid lag
  • Proptosis/exophthalmos
  • Chemosis
  • Orbital fat prolapse
  • Exposure keratosis = corneal dmg and infection due to pt not being able to close their eyes
  • Diplopia from ocular muscle fibrosis
  • Compressive optic neuropathy resulting in progressive visual loss
144
Q

Thyroid eye disease management

A
  • Thyroid control
  • Steroids/immunosupression
  • Orbital decompression surgery followed by IV steroids for sight-threatening disease
  • Conservative management of symptoms
145
Q

Define Trachoma

A

Keratoconjuctivitis (inflammation of the cornea and conjuctiva) due to infection by Chlamydia

146
Q

Trachoma managament

A

Single dose of oral azithromycin

147
Q

Define Anterior uveitis

A

Inflammation of the iris or ciliary body at the front of the eye

148
Q

Define Intermidiate uveitis

A

Inflammation of the vitreous and peripheral retina

149
Q

Define Posterior uveitis

A

Inflammation of the retina and choriod

150
Q

Define Panuveitis

A

A rare condition where there is inflammation throughout the whole uveal tract - the iris, ciliary body, choroid, retina and vitreous

151
Q

Anterior uveitis causes

A

AI:
- SLE
- Ankylosing spondylitis
- Behcets disease
- Juvinile idiopathic arthritis
- MS
- IBD
- Granulomatosis w/ polyangiitis
- Reactive arthritis

Other:
- Trauma
- Infections (herpes, TB, HIV, syphilis)
- Iatrogenic
- Ischaemia

152
Q

Anterior uveitis features

A

Symptoms:
- Painful red eye worsening over several days
- Photophobia
- Blurred vision
- Headache

Signs:
- Conjuctival injections
- Hypopyon (when white blood cells accumulate in the anterior chamber of the eye, forming a whitish layer of fluid)
- Keratic precipitates
- Irregular pupil due to ciliary body contractions
- Anterior chamber flare/cells

153
Q

Intermediate uveitis features

A

Symptoms:
- Often painless
- Floaters
- Blurred vision

Signs:
- Inflammatory cells w/in the vitreous

154
Q

Posterior uveitis features

A

Symptoms:
- Progressive vision loss
- Floaters or flashers
- Blurred vision

Signs:
-Yell/white appearance of the retina
- Cystoid macular oedema

155
Q

Anterior uveitis management

A

Acute:
- Cycloplegic mydriatic drops (e.g. cyclopentolate) = these are anticholinergic agenets which work on the ciliary muscles to relax the pupil
- Corticosteroids
- Analgesia

Chronic = methotrexate/mycophenolate if required

156
Q

Vitamin A deficiency features

A

Ocular (typically bilaterally):
- Night blindness
- Dryness of conjuctiva and cornea
- Keratomalacia = corneal thinning
- Bitot’s spots = irreglar foamy patches on the white of the eye due to keratin build-up
- Corneal perforation

Other:
- Dry hair and skin
- Brittle nails
- Folliculat hyperkeratosis
- Increased susceptibility to infections

157
Q

Define Vitreous haemorrhage

A

The precense of blood w/in the vitreous humour, usually due to blood vessel rupture

158
Q

Vitreous haemorrhage causes

A
  • Proliferative diabetic retinopathy (>50% of cases)
  • Retinal tear/detachement
  • Trauma
  • AMD
  • Retinal vascular disease
159
Q

Vitreous haemorrhage features

A
  • Sudden painless loss of vision
  • Blurred vision
  • Floaters
  • Loss of acuity

Proliferatve vitreoretinopathy = a complication of severe cases where fibrous tissue forms, increasing the risk of retinal detachment

160
Q

Vitreous haemorrhage investigations

A
  • Fundoscopy
  • Slit-lamp
  • Optical coherence tomography
  • Fluorescein angiography
  • B-scan ultrasonography = to visualise the viterous
  • Orbital CT
161
Q

Vitreous haemorrhage management

A
  • Observe
  • Treat underlying cause
  • Viterectomy

Year 6 (8 decks)

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