Ophthalmology Flashcards
What is acute closed angle glaucoma?
= type of glaucoma characterised by the blockage or narrowing of the drainage angle formed by the cornea and the iris, resulting in a sudden increase in intraocular pressure
What occurs in primary angle-closure glaucoma to raise IOP?
= iris blocks the drainage angle, which causes a rise in IOP and subsequent damage of the optic nerve
Primary acute closed-angle glaucoma typically affects
- older individuals
- the younger population
- older individuals
What is hyperopia?
= long-sightedness
What does gonioscopy look at?
= assesses the angle between iris + cornea
What is tonometry used for?
= to measure intraocular pressure
Investigations for suspected primary acute-closed angle glaucoma (3)
- gonioscopy (= assess angle between iris + cornea)
- tonometry (= measurement of intraocular pressure)
- opthalmological examination
Medical managements of acute closed-angle glaucoma (3)
- IOP lowering agents (bbs, pilocarpine, IV acetazolamide)
- IV hyperosmotics e.g., mannitol)
- analgesia + antiemetics
Surgical options for acute closed-angle glaucoma (2)
- peripheral iridotomy (= laser used to make hole in peripheral iris to allow free flow of aqueous)
- surgical iridectomy
(contralateral eye treated prophylactically)
What is age-related macular degeneration (ARMD)?
= degeneration of photoreceptors in the central retina (macula) that leads to the formation of drusen (= tiny yellow or white accumulations of extracellular material), which are visible on slit-lamp biomicroscopy
Leading cause of blindness in the UK?
= age-related macular degeneration (ARMD)
Important part of social history to include in a consultation for suspected age-related macular degeneration?
= smoking history. Smoking doubles likelihood of developing ARMD
Is age-related macular degeneration more common in men or women?
= men
Types of age-related macular degeneration (2)
- dry ARMD
- wet ARMD
Which of the following types of age-related macular degeneration is more common?
- dry ARMD
- wet ARMD
- dry ARMD
Which of the following types of age-related macular degeneration is associated with drusen & macular thinning?
- dry ARMD
- wet ARMD
- dry ARMD
Which of the following types of age-related macular degeneration is associated with bleeding & leakage of fluid?
- dry ARMD
- wet ARMD
- wet ARMD
Which of the following types of age-related macular degeneration is associated with a slow progression over decades?
- dry ARMD
- wet ARMD
- dry ARMD
Which of the following types of age-related macular degeneration is associated with a rapid progression over months, with a poor prognosis?
- dry ARMD
- wet ARMD
- wet ARMD
Management of dry ARMD (age-related macular degeneration)
= zinc + vitamin A, C, E supplements
(smoking cessation important)
Management of wet ARMD (age-related macular degeneration)
= anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) injections, typically administered in monthly injections
(smoking cessation important)
What is amblyopia?
= also called lazy eye, is a type of poor vision that usually happens in just 1 eye but less commonly in both eyes
Causes of reduced visual sitmulation in one eye which can cause amblyopia (4)
- squints
- unequal refractive error
- congenital cataracts
- tumours blocking the visual axis
What is strabismus?
= one eye deviating from its normal alignment
What is anisometropia?
= difference in refractory error between eyes
Management in amblyopia?
= patch or penalise good eye
(early treatment essential, amblyopia treatment is rarely successful in the second decade of life )
Amblyopia: what can be given to reduce visual acuity in the good eye?
= atropine
What is myopia also known as?
- long-sightedness
- short-sightedness
- short-sightedness
What is hyperopia also known as?
- long-sightedness
- short-sightedness
- long-sightedness
Is episcleritis generally painful?
= no
(as opposed to scleritis which is very painful)
What 2 conditions are associated with anterior uveitis?
- IBD
- ankylosing spondylitis
What is a hyphema?
= collection of blood in the anterior chamber of the eye
Which of the following is associated with retinal pallor, macular cherry red spot +/- afferent pupillary defect
- retinal vein occulusion
- retinal artery occlusion
- retinal artery occlusion
Which of the following is associated with optical disk oedema, diffuse retinal haemorrhage (‘blood-and-thunder’)
- retinal vein occulusion
- retinal artery occlusion
- retinal vein occulusion
Which of the following eye conditions is associated with being more painful?
- chalazion
- stye
- stye
What is a chalazion?
= a red bump on your eyelid
Most likely caustive organism in contact lens associated keratitis?
= pseudomonas aeruginosa
What is Blepharitis?
= inflammation of the eyelid
Primary open-angle glaucoma: Adverse effects of which of the following drugs causes brown pigementation to the iris?
- Latanoprost
- Cylopentolate
- Pilocarpine
- Timolol
- Latanoprost
Primary open-angle glaucoma: Which of the following is first-line treatment in a patient with a Hx of heart block?
- Latanoprost
- Cylopentolate
- Pilocarpine
- Timolol
- Latanoprost
Primary open-angle glaucoma: Which of the following drugs causes pupillary constriction, blurred vision and headaches?
- Latanoprost
- Cylopentolate
- Pilocarpine
- Timolol
- Pilocarpine
