Gynaecology Flashcards
What is a cystocele?
= bladder prolapse
Primary vs secondary amenorrhoea?
Primary: no periods however, has never had a period before
Secondary: not having periods (but has had periods before)
What kind of cells line the cervix?
= columnar epithelial cells
What type of epithelial cells line the vagina?
= squamous epithelial cells
What is ectropion cervix?
= this occurs when columnar epithelial cells that are usually restricted to the cervix extend into the vagina
Hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis: What does the hypothalamus release?
= gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH)
Hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis: GnRH stimulates the anterior pituitary to produce what 2 hormones?
- luteinising hormone (LH)
- follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
What to the theca granulosa cells around the follicles secrete?
= oestrogen
What effect does oestrogen have on the hypothalamus + anterior pituitary?
= negative feedback effect, suppress’ the release of GnRH, LH + FSH
Where is progesterone produced after ovulation?
= corpus luteum
From 10 weeks gestation onwards where is progesterone produced from?
= placenta
When does puberty start for girls + boys?
Girls: 8-14
Boys: 9-15
Do overweight children go through puberty earlier or later? and why?
= earlier
Aromatase is an enzyme found in adipose (fat) tissue, that is important in the creation of oestrogen. Therefore, the more adipose tissue present, the higher the quantity of the enzyme response for oestrogen creation
What is the Tanner Staging system?
= objective classification system that providers use to document and track the development and sequence of secondary sex characteristics of children during puberty
What 2 phases make up the menstrual cycle?
= follicular + luteal
What are follicles made up of?
= oocyte, surrounded by granulosa cells
4 key stages of development in the ovaries
- primordial follicles
- primary follicles
- secondary follicles
antra follicles (AKA, Graafian follicles)
At which stage does a follicle develop FSH receptors + require stimulation to continue developing?
= secondary follicle
What are the bartholin’s glands?
= situated within the vestibule, just lateral to the introitus
Their primary function is to secrete a lubricating fluid
Management of bartholin cysts?
= incision + drainage (under local)
Majority of cervical cancers?
= squamous cell carcinoma (70-80%)
Which HPV virus’ increase your risk factor of developing cervical cancer? (2)
- HPV 16
- HPV 18
First-line investigation for cervical cancer?
= urgent colposcopy
(allows visualisation + biopsy of cervix)
Cervical cancer screening is for all women + people with a cervix between which ages?
= 25-64 years