Ophthalmology

Question 1

What is this?

Answer 1

Diabetic retinopathy treated with laser photocoagulation

Question 2

What is this?

Answer 2

Senile macula degeneration:
- the disc appears normal but there is unequal pigmentation at the macula.
- the patient also has drusen, which are asymptomatic nodules occuring in the choroid

Question 3

What is this?

Answer 3

central retinal vein occlusion:
- typical stormy sunset appearacne, with engorged veins and haemorrhages alongside them

Question 4

What is this?

Answer 4

Hypertensive retinopathy
- retinal arteries have become narrow and tortuous.
- in more advanced cases, haemorrhages and star burst exudates occur together with papillodema

Question 5

What is this?

Answer 5

Papillodema
- the disc is swollen and the disc margin has dissapeared.
- the veins are congested

Question 6

What is this?

Answer 6

Papillodema
- the disc is swollen and the disc margin has dissapeared.
- the veins are congested

Question 7

What is this?

Answer 7

Disc cupping
- here the degree of cupping is mild but suggestive of glaucoma
- as the condition progresses the optic disc becomes pale and the cup becomes deeper and wider

Question 8

What is this?

Answer 8

Mild background diabetic retinopathy
- haemorrhages and microaneusyms can be seen

Question 9

What is this?

Answer 9

diabetic retinopathy
- areas of hard exudates, and some macula involvement

Question 10

What is this?

Answer 10

Pre-proliferative diabetic retinopathy
- haemorrhages, microaneusyms, hard and soft exudates

Question 11

What is this?

Answer 11

preproliferative diabetic retinopathy
- extensive haemorrhages
- exudate formation
- pre-retinal haemorrhage