Ophthalmology

Question 1

Hypertensive retinopathy classification system

Answer 1

Keith-Wagener classification

Question 2

Htn retinopathy stages

Answer 2

I - Arteriolar narrowing and tortuosity and Increased light reflex (silver wiring)

II - Arteriovenous nipping

III - Cotton-wool exudates, Flame and blot haemorrhages ( may collect around the fovea resulting in a ‘macular star’)

IV - Papilloedema

Question 3

Fundoscopy signs of POAG

Answer 3

1. Optic disc cupping - cup-to-disc ratio >0.7
2. Optic disc pallor
3. Bayonetting of vessels
4. Additional features - Cup notching, disc haemorrhages

Question 4

Non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy

Answer 4

Question 5

Causes of microbial keratitis

Answer 5

1. Bacterial: Staph aureus, pseudomonas in CL
2. Amoebic: acanthamoebic keratitis
3. Parasitic: onchocercal keratitis (‘river blindness’)