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Finals > Haematology > Flashcards

Haematology Flashcards

1
Q

Ann-Arbor staging of Hodgkin’s lymphoma

A

I: single lymph node
II: 2 or more lymph nodes on same side of diaphragm
III: nodes on both sides of diaphragm
IV: spread beyond lymph nodes

Each stage may be subdivided into A (no systemic sx) or B (weight loss, fever, night sweats)

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2
Q

Management of Hodgkin’s lymphoma

A
  1. chemotherapy
    * ABVD (doxorubicin, bleomycin, vinblastine, and dacarbazine)
  2. Radiotherapy, CMT, hematopoietic cell transplantation
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3
Q

Features of haemolytic anaemia

A
  • anaemia
  • reticulocytosis
  • low haptoglobin
  • raised LDH and indirect bilirubin

Blood film: spherocytes and reticulocytes

Positive Coombs’ test

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4
Q

Thrombotic thrombocytic purpura pentad

A
  • fever
  • neuro signs
  • thrombocytopenia
  • haemolytic anaemia
  • renal failure
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5
Q

Hodgkin’s lymphoma

A
  • Malignant proliferation of lymphocytes
  • Reed-Sternberg cell
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6
Q

Histological classification of Hodgkin’s lymphoma

A
  • Nodular sclerosing
  • Mixed cellularity
  • Lymphocyte predominant (best)
  • Lymphocyte depleted (worst)
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7
Q

‘B’ symptoms Hodgkin’s lymphoma

A
  • weight loss > 10% in last 6 months
  • fever > 38ºC
  • night sweats
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8
Q

Characteristic blood film finding of CLL

A

Smear cells (also called smudge cells)

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9
Q

Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia

A

Monoclonal proliferation of well-differentiated lymphocytes - almost always B-cells

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10
Q

Key investigation for CLL

A

Immunophenotyping

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11
Q

CLOT

Conditions cause too much clotting

A

C - C/S deficiency
L - Leiden (factor V)
O - Odd (mutated) prO-thrombin
T - anTi-thrombin III deficiency

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12
Q

I BLEED

Conditions cause too much bleeding

A

I - ITP, ATP, TTP
B - B/A Haemophilias
L - Low vitamin K, clotting factors
E - Eponym: vWD
D - DIC & Drugs

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13
Q

Myelofibrosis

A
  • myeloproliferative disorder
  • hyperplasia of abnormal megakaryocytes
  • release of PDGF stimulates fibroblasts
  • haematopoiesis develops in the liver and spleen
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14
Q

Lab findings of myelofibrosis

A
  • anaemia
  • high WBC and platelet count early in the disease
  • **‘tear-drop’ poikilocytes **
  • unobtainable bone marrow biopsy - ‘dry tap’ therefore trephine biopsy needed
  • high urate and LDH (reflect increased cell turnover)
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15
Q

Most common transformation of polycythaemia rubra vera

A

myelofibrosis or acute myeloid leukaemia

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16
Q

Polycythaemia vera

A
  • myeloproliferative disorder
  • proliferation of marrow stem cells increase RBC volume
  • +/- overproduction of neutrophils and platelets
  • hyperviscosity, pruritus and splenomegaly
  • thrombotic events
17
Q

Management of PCV

A
  • Aspirin - reduce thrombotic events
  • Venesection - maintain Hb
  • Chemotherapy
18
Q

New B-symptoms in CLL indicates what

A

Richter’s transformation
Where CLL transforms into a more aggressive form of large cell lymphoma

19
Q

CLL Complications

A
  • anaemia
  • hypogammaglobulinaemia - recurrent infections
  • warm autoimmune haemolytic anaemia
  • Richter’s transformation
20
Q

Multiple myeloma e myeloma

A

malignancy characterised by plasma cell proliferation

21
Q

Peripheral blood film myeloma

A

Rouleaux formation

22
Q

Major criteria for myeloma

A
  • Plasmacytoma
  • 30% plasma cells in bone marrow sample
  • Elevated M protein in blood or urine
23
Q

Minor criteria fro myeloma

A
  • 10% to 30% plasma cells in a bone marrow sample
  • Minor elevations in M protein in blood or urine
  • Osteolytic lesions
  • Low antibodies in the blood
24
Q

Blood film finding of sickle cell

A

Howell-Jolly cells - hyposplenism

25
Q

Define aplastic anaemia

A

normocytic anaemia, leukopenia and thrombocytopenia

26
Q

CI to platelet transfusion

A
  • Chronic bone marrow failure
  • Autoimmune thrombocytopenia
  • HIT
  • TTP
27
Q

B12 deficiency tx

A

IM Hydroxocobalamin

** If also folate deficient, treat B12 FIRST

28
Q

Blood film findings of G6PD

A
  • Heinz bodies
  • Bite and blister cells

Finals (10 decks)

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