Ophthalmology Flashcards
What is the macula?
part of the retina that allows for clearest vision (visual acuity and color vision)
Where are rod cells located and what are they responsible for?
Most densely located within the outer edges of the retina; assist with low light vision, such as at night and peripheral vision
Where are cone cells located and what are they responsible for?
Most densely located in the macula; assist with central and color vision
What are different types of ophthalmic exams and testing?
Visual acuity exam, fundus exxam, electroretinogram (ERG), multifocal ERG (mfERG), Goldmann Visual Field (GVF), optical coherence tomography (OCT), fluorescein angiogram (FA)
What is a fundus exam?
Looks at the back of the eye for abnormal vessels or pigmentation
What is an electroretinogram used for?
To see how photoreceptors are reacting to light
What is a multifocal ERG used for?
to look at different parts of the retina
What is a Goldmann Visual Field used for?
to assess for peripheral vision loss
What is optical coherence tomography used for?
kind of like an ultrasound for the eye-can look at the architecture of the retina - looking for a bubble
What is fluorescein angiogram used for?
injects a dye into the vein to look for defects in the vessels
What is the hallmark of Best Disease?
Egg yolk appearance of macula
trouble with central vision and distortion of objects
juvenile form of macular dystrophy
What are some characteristics of Stargardt disease?
Most common inherited macular dystrophy
Decreased visual acuity, loss of central and decreased color vision due to damage of cone cells
yellow flecks around macula
What are some characteristics of choroideremia?
first sign is usually night blindness
loss of peripheral vision and poor depth perception develops as condition progresses
What are some characteristics of retinitis pigmentosa?
First sign is usually night blindness
loss of peripheral vision and poor depth perception as condition progresses
involves cone death leading to decreased color vision and central acuity
What is a behavioral characteristic of Leber Congenital Amaurosis?
Franceschetti’s oculo-digital sign (patients will poke eyes)
What are cataracts?
clouding of the lens of the eye
What are some characteristics of primary congenital glaucoma?
increased intraocular pressure, enlargement of globe, edema and opacification of the cornea
What are some clinical characteristics of age related macular degeneration?
affects central vision (reading/driving)
What are some characteristic eye findings and their respective diseases?
CHRPE-FAP
Kayser-Fleischer rings-Wilson disease
stellate irides-Williams syndrome
retinal lacunae-Aicardi syndrome
coloboma-CHARGE syndrome
corneal clouding-MPS disorders
heterochromia-Waardenburg syndrome
Cherry red spot-Tay-sachs and other metabolic diseases
retinal detachment-Stickler syndrome
ectopia lentis-Marfan, homocystinuria
What are some clinical characteristics of Lowe syndrome?
congenital cataracts, hypotonia, developmental delay, absent deep tendon reflexes
short stature, dental cysts
What are some clinical characteristics of WAGR syndrome?
Wilms tumors, aniridia, genitourinary anomalies (cryptorchidism, uterine abnormalities, hypospadias, and others)
What are some clinical characteristics of Leber Hereditary Optic Neuropathy?
begins with blurry central vision (subacute bilateral vision loss)
mild neuro symptoms - tremor, peripheral neuropathy, myopathy, movement disorders)
mitochondrial inheritance
What are some clinical characteristics of optic atrophy type 1?
progressive bilateral vision loss with decreased visual acuity, visual field defects, and color deficits
can lead to SNHL
