Ophthalmic Exam Flashcards
Methods to assess vision
navigation, visual fields (dropping cotton), menace response, dazzle reflex, blindfolding
signs of pain
Blepharospasm: Squinting (subtle lid spasms to closed eyelids), spasm of obicularis oculi muscle
Epiphora: Excessive tearing, spilling onto face
Head shy: Patient moves away from being touched near the head
Photophobia: Exhibits discomfort, squinting when light is directed to eyes.
Most important cranial nerves?
Cranial nerves II-VIII: affect vision, position and mobility of eyes, corneal and periocular sensation and blinking.
normal reading of STT
The STT in cats and horses is highly variable. High sympathetic tone in cats can lower the STT to zero.
Entropion:
rolling inward of eyelid with hair in contact with cornea.
Ectropion:
eyelid falls away from the cornea.
Trichiasis:
hairs in normal location but directed toward eye.
Distichiasis:
hairs growing from the meibomian gland openings along the lid margin
retropulsion procedure
Gently press over the upper eyelid of each eye (individually to avoid oculocardiac reflex and bradycardia) displacing the globe into the bony orbit. This causes elevation of the third eyelid and allows for examination of the third eyelid and detection of pain or mass effect within the globe.
anterior segment
the area between the cornea and iris)
posterior segment
between the iris and lens).
normal anterior segment
should contain clear aqueous (ultrafiltrate) due to the absence of protein (flare), cells: neutrophils (hypopyon), lymphocytes & macrophages on the endothelium (KP’s: keratic precipitants) and blood (hyphema).
hypopyon
neutrophils
flare cells
protein
KPs
keratic precipitates
