Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Y6 Misc (ENT, ophthal, renal) > Ophthal misc > Flashcards

Ophthal misc Flashcards

1
Q

Features of afferent defect and cause

A

No direct response, intact consensual response in other eye
No consensual response from initiation in contralateral eye

Total CN II lesion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Features of RAPD (marcus-gunn pupil) and causes

A

Minor constriction to direct light
Dilatation on moving light from normal to abnormal eye

optic neuritis
Optic atrophy
Retinal disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Features of efferent defects and causes

A

Dilated pupil does not react to light
Consensual response intact in contralateral eye

3rd nerve palsy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Causes of a fixed dilated pupil

A

Mydiatrics e.g. tropicamide
Iris trauma
Acute glaucoma
CN III compression (surgical)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Features of Horner’s syndrome and causes

A

Ptosis
Mydriasis
Anhidrosis

Central (MS, Lateral Medullary Syndrome)
Pre-ganglionic (Pancoast tumour, CVA insertion)
Post-ganglionic (cavernous sinus thrombus, CN 3-6 palsy)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Features of a holmes-adie pupil and causes

A

Dilated pupil
- no response to light
- sluggish accommodation

Damaged post-ganglion fibres
Viral/bacterial infection of ANS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Features of an argyll-Robertson pupil and causes

A

Small, irregular pupil
Sluggish response to light
Accommodation intact

Damage to the ciliar ganglion:
DM
Syphilis (quaternary)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Features of Hutchinson’s pupil and causes

A

Unilaterally dilated pupil
Unresponsive to light

  • [1] ipsilateral pupil constricts (PNS irritation)
  • [2] ipsilateral pupil dilates (PNS inhibited)
  • [3] contralateral pupil constricts (PNS irritation)
  • [4] contralateral pupil dilates (poor prognosis)

Intracranial mass / raised ICP head trauma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Features fo optic atrophy

A

Reduced acuity
Reduced colour vision (esp. red)
Central scotoma
Pale optic disc
RAPD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Causes of optic atrophy

A

Congenital: HMSN/CMT, friedrich’s ataxia, reinitis, pigmentosa, LHON

Alcohol/toxins : EtOH, ethambutol, lead, B12

Compression: neoplasia, glaucoma, paget’s

vascular: DM, GCA, stroke

Inflammatory: MS

Sarcoidosis

Infection: VZV, TB< syhpilis

Neoplastic infiltration: leukaemia, lymphoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Features of corneal abrasion clinically and on investigation

A

Epithelial breech without keratitis

S/S: pain, photophobia, blurred vision, visible defect
Ix: slit lamp fluorescein staining defect green

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Management for corneal abrasion

A

infection prophylaxis (chloramphenicol ointment)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Features of ophthalmic shingles/herpes zoster ophthalmicus

A

CN V1 reactivation of VZV (10% of all shingles)

S/S: pain → blistering rash; 40% associated keratitis/uveitis
Hutchinson’s sign = nose-tip zoster (naso-ciliary branch) → ophthalmic involvement = keratitis ± corneal ulceration ± iritis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Management for Ophthalmic shingles / Herpes Zoster Opthalmicus

A

Fundoscopy, slit lamp fluorescein staining
referral → oral aciclovir (7-10 days) ± topical corticosteroids (if inflammation)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Complications of Ophthalmic shingles / Herpes Zoster Opthalmicus

A

Ptosis
Post-herpetic neuralgia
Ocular (conjunctivitis, keratitis, episcleritis, anterior uveitis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What conditions need urgent ophthalmology assessment

A

Acute glaucoma
Corneal ulcer, foreign body
Contact-lens-related red eye
Anterior uveitis
Scleritis
Trauma, chemical injuries
Neonatal conjunctivitis

17
Q

Signs and symptoms of vitreous haemorrhage

A

Small bleeds → small black dots in vision and ring floaters
Large bleeds → loss of red reflex, retina not visualised

18
Q

Causes of vitreous haemorrhage

A

Angiogenesis (DM accounts for 50%)
Retinal tear, detachment or trauma

RF: warfarin

19
Q

Investigations and management of vitreous haemorrhage

A

B-scan (brightness scan) ultrasonography

Small → supportive - will spontaneously reabsorb
Larger → vitrectomy

20
Q

Features of Tobacco-alcohol ambylopia and management

A

toxic effects of cyanide radicals combined with thiamine deficiency

S/S: optic atrophy, loss of red/green discrimination, scotomata
Mx: vitamins may help

21
Q

What is lagophthalmos, what causes it and how is it managed

A

difficulty closing the lid over the globe → exposure keratitis
Exophthalmos, facial palsy

Mx: lubrication (liquid paraffin), tarsorrhaphy (eyelids partially sewn together; if corneal ulcers)

22
Q

Features of pinguecula

A

yellow vascular nodules either side of the cornea

23
Q

Features of pterygium

A

yellow vascular nodules growing over the cornea → decreased vision):

Benign growth of the conjunctiva
Associations with dusty, wind-blown lifestyles and sun exposure (i.e. desert dwellers)

24
Q

Causes of exophthalmos

A

Graves’ disease
Orbital cellulitis
Trauma
Idiopathic
Vasculitis
Neoplasms, optic glioma
Carotid-cavernous fistula

25
Q

Management for foreign bodies in the eye

A

XR eye, fluorescein
Refer to eye emergency - do not remove

Mx: chloramphenicol drops, eyepatch, mydriatics/cycloplegics (decrease pain)

26
Q

Management for intra-ocular haemorrhage

A

small amounts clear spontaneously; large may need evacuation

May cause acute glaucoma → emergency

27
Q

Symptoms and signs of orbital blowout fractures

A

herniation into maxillary /ethmoid sinus

Ophthalmoplegia + diplopia
Loss of sensation to the lower lid (infra-orbital nerve injury)
Ipsilateral epistaxis (ant. ethmoid artery rupture)
Decreased acuity
Irregular pupil reacting slowly to light

28
Q

Management for orbital blowout fracture

A

maxilla-facial/ophthalmology referral → fracture reduction / muscle release

29
Q

Management for chemical injury

A

Worse if alkaline

Irrigate and refer urgently

30
Q

Features of trachoma

A

Chlamydia trachomatis; spread by flies

inflammatory reaction → scarring → lid distortion → entropion → eyelashes scratch cornea → ulceration → blindness

31
Q

Management for trachoma

A

Tetracyclines

32
Q

Features of onchocerciasis

A

aka river blindness
Microfilariae of nematode Onchocerca volvulus
spread by flies
fly bites → microfilariae infection → invade the eye → inflammation → fibrosis → corneal opacities and synechiae

33
Q

Management for onchocerciasis

A

Ivermectin

34
Q

Features of xerophthalmia

A

Vitamin A deficiency
night blindness, dry conjunctiva, corneal ulceration/perforation

Manage with vitamin A supplementation

Y6 Misc (ENT, ophthal, renal) (41 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions